Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the open ends of the fallopian tubes called |
Fimbriated ends
|
|
Out surface of the ovary during fetal life
|
Germinal epithelium, it is embryologically derived from the germianl ridge.
|
|
Premordial ova orgin
|
they differentiate from the ovary's germinal eoithelium
|
|
Supporting tissue of the ovary
|
Ovarian stroma
|
|
Primordial follicle
|
The ovum surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells
|
|
Secretion of GnRH, rythmicity
|
it is secreted in short pulses avereraging every 90 minutes. This is in males and females. Secretion in pulses vs continous stops hormone tolorance and receptor down regulation from occuring
|
|
Accurate name for female menstral cycle
|
Female monthly sexual cycle
|
|
Length of female sexual cycle
|
average is 28 days but can range form 20-45. Abnormal cycle length is associated with decreased fertility.
|
|
Two significant results of the female sexual cycle
|
a single ovum is normally released. Uterine endometrium is prepared in advance for implantation
|
|
The ovarian change during the sexual cycle depends on what
|
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
|
|
What is the reason that the sexual cycle is delayed until puberty
|
the hypothalamus does not secreate a proper amount of GnRH. It is physically capable of but is not signalled to from higher centers. Presumably the limbic system.
|
|
First menstral cycle
|
menarche
|
|
period of sexual change
|
puberty
|
|
Effect of LH and FSH receptor activation
|
cellular proliferation and growth
|
|
Biochemical effect of LH anf FSH receptor stimulation
|
activation of adenyl cyclease and phosphoralation of enzyme
|
|
Function of granulosa cells in childhood
|
provide neurishment to the ovum and secrete oocyte maturation-inhibiting factor that suspends the ovum in its primordial state in prophase of miotic division 1.
|
|
FSH effect on follicles
|
stimulates the growth of 6-12 follicles each month. The initial effect is rapid proliferation of the granulosa cells giving rise to more layers.
|
|
Theca
|
Collection of spindle cells in the ovary interstitium that collects around the outside of the granulosa cells
|
|
Theca interna
|
These cells take on an epithelial characteristic and agin the ability to secrete sex hormones.
|
|
theca externa
|
becomes highely vascular connective tissue that becomes the capsule of the developing follicle.
|
|
Folicular fluid
|
secreted by granulosa cells and contains a high concentration of estrogen.
|
|
Accumulation of follicular fluid
|
causes the antrum to appear in the mass of granulosa cells
|
|
Acceleratied growth after the antrum phase producing the larger vesicular follicle is caused by
|
1. Estrogen in the follicular fluid causes and increase in FSH receptor increasing the follicles sensitivity to FSH. 2. FSH and estrogen combine to promote LH receptors on the granulosa surface. 3. Estrogen and LH act together to cause proliferation of the folicle theca cells and increase there secretions.
|
|
Why does only one follicle usually survive per month
|
The large amount of estrogen secreted from the largest follicle acts on the hypothalamus to supress secretion of GnRH. This large follicle will continue to grow becasue of its enhanced ability to bind the small amount of FSH being secreted.
|
|
Mature follicle
|
follicle at time of ovulation
|
|
Day of ovulation
|
14 days after onset of cycle
|
|
Corona Radiata
|
Small mass of granulosa cells ovulted with the ovum.
|
|
What is needed for ovulation
|
LH
|
|
LH peak
|
16 hours before ovulation
|
|
Synergistic effect of LH and FSH
|
cause rapid swelling of the follicle before ovulation
|
|
LH effect on granulosa and theca cells
|
converts them to mainly progesterone secreting cells
|
|
Rate of estrogen secretion before ovulation
|
begins to fall 1 day before ovulation while progesterone secretion increases during this time
|
|
Two events necessary for ovulation
|
the theca interna begins to release proteolitic enzymes from lysosomes, this weakens the capsular wall. 2. Rapid growth of new blood vessels into the follicle as well as release of prostoglandins into the follicular tissue that causes vasodilation and plasma transudation into the follicle. These two things together cause welling and rupture of the follicle.
|
|
Stigma
|
Point of swelling of the follicle
|
|
Lutein cells
|
after expulsion of the ovum the remaining granulosa cells and theca cells change to lutein cells. The total mass of lutein cells is called the corpus luteum.
|
|
Secretary pruducts of the corpus luteum.
|
Produce the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. More progesterone. The theca cells produce mostly androgens androstenedione and testosterone. These are converted into estrogen by the granulosa cells.
|
|
Corpus albicans
|
involuted corpus luteum about 12 days after ovulation.
|
|
Luteinization inhibiting factor
|
released in the follicular fluid that holds the lureinization process in check untill after ovulation
|
|
Preprogrammed life cyle of lutein cells
|
1. proliferation 2. enlargment 3. secretion 4. degeneration
|
|
function of hCG, human chorionic gonadotropin
|
secreted by the placenta and acts on the corpus luteum to prolong its life. Similar to LH
|
|
What has negative feedback of FSH and LH release
|
Estrogen and inhibin secreted by lutein cells. Especially inhibits FSH
|
|
Effects of high plasma estrogen and inhibin
|
Low blood concentration of FSH and LH develope which causes the corpus luteum to degenarate. Process os call involution.
|
|
Time of final involution
|
day 26, 12 days after ovulation
|
|
Hormone effect of involution
|
Causes a suddon cessation of estrogen, inhibin and progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. This removes feedback inhibition of the anterior pituitary gland allowing FSH and LH to be secreted. This initiates growth of new follicles and begines the ovarian cycle.
|
|
What leads to menstration
|
The paucity of progesterone and estrogen
|
|
Main function of estrogens
|
promote proliferation and groeth of the cells of secondary sexual characteristics of female.
|
|
Main function of progestins
|
prepare the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for lactation.
|
|
Estrogen secretion in pregnant vs non pregnant female
|
non pregnant estrogen secretion is from the overies. During pregnancy the placenta secretes large quanities of estrogen
|
|
Three main estrogens
|
B estradiol, Esterone, Estriol
|
|
Formation of estrone
|
formed in the peripheral tissues form androgens secreted by the adrenal and theca cells.
|
|
Formation of Estriol
|
oxidative product derived from both estradiol and estrone in the liver.
|
|
Progesterone secretion in non pregnant vs pregnant female
|
in non pregnant progesterone is only secreted during the late half of the ovarian cycle by the corpus luteum. During pregnancy the placenta secretes progesterone, especially after the fourth month.
|
|
Synthesis of estrogens and progestins
|
Both are steroids. During the follicular phase most of the testosterone and progesterone are converted to estrogen by the granulosa cells. During the luteal phase too much progesterone is produced to be converted so progesterone enters the plasma.
|
|
Sex hormone transport in the plasma
|
Bound to albumin with special estrogen and progeserone binding globulins.
|
|
Hyperestrinism
|
increased plasma estrogen due to decreased liver function, inability to conjigate and excrete estrogen in bile or convert it to estriol.
|
|
Major end product of progesterone
|
pregnanediol
|
|
Estrogen effect on vaginal epithelium
|
changes it from cuboidal to stratified squamous.
|
|
Treatment of vaginal infections in children
|
administer estrogen. Stratified epithelium is more resistant to infection.
|
|
Effects of estrogen on fallopian tubes
|
They cause the glandular tissue to proliferate and increase the number of ciliated epithelium . The cilia help move sperm toward egg.
|
|
Three efects of estrogen on the breasts
|
1. development of stromal tissue in the breasts 2. Growth of the ductal system 3. deposition of fat in the breast
|
|
What causes growth and function of breasts
|
progesterone and prolactin
|
|
Skeletal effect of estrogen
|
inhibits osteoclast activity adn therfore stimulate bone growth. They also cause uniting of the epiphyses plates, this effect is much stronger in females so they stop growing sooner then males.
|
|
Effects of estrogen dificiency after menopause
|
increased osteoclast activity, a decrease in bone matrix, decrease in deposition of bone matrix. These lead to osteoporosis.
|
|
Effects of estrogen on metabolism and fat deposition
|
It increases metabolism only slightly, not as much as testosterone in males. Also causes deposition of fat in the subcutaneous tissue, mostly of thighs and butt
|
|
Body hair growth after puberty
|
in pubic and axillary area is mainly due to testosterone
|
|
Estrogen effect on skin
|
causes it to be smoother and more vascular. The increased vascularity leads to an increase in skin temp and increases bleeding when damaged.
|
|
Effects of estrogen on electolyte balance
|
causes Na and water retention by the kidneys
|
|
Functions of progeterone on the uterus
|
promotes secratory changes in the uterine endometrium during the latter half of the female sexual cycle. Prepares for implantation. It also decreases the intensity and frequency of contractions.
|
|
What causes breasts to swell
|
progesterone, it promotes the development and the lobules and alveoli. They become secreatory in nature.
|
|
Three phases of the endometrium
|
proliferative, secratory, menstrual: Estrogen, prgesterone, FSH and LH
|
|
Glands of the cervical region
|
produce a stringy mucus that helps to guide sperm into the uterus
|
|
Time line of ovum travel
|
3-4 days to pass through the fallopian tubes. Implantaion is 7-9 days after ovulation
|
|
Cause of manstration
|
reduction of estrogen and progesterone. Mainly progesterone.
|
|
Endometrium vasculature during mestration |
the tortuous blood vessels constrict and casue necrosis of the superficial endometrium.
|
|
Amount of menstration
|
40ml of blood, 35 ml of serous fluid
|
|
Why is menstral fluid non clotting
|
it contain fibrinolysin, this breaks down clots.
|
|
Leukorrhea during menstration
|
Large amounts of leukocytes are released with the necrotic blood. This allows the uterus to become highly resistant to infection during menstration.
|
|
Pulsitility of GnRH secretion
|
pulses lasting 5-25 minutes and occur every 1-2 hours
|
|
Continuous release of GnRH
|
The ability to cause the release of FSH and LH is lost due to receptor down regulation. This happens chronicly, Acutly there is an increase in FSH and LH
|
|
Hypothalamic centers of GnRH
|
mediobasal hypothalamus, in the arcuate nuclei of this area
|
|
What neurons control female sexual activity
|
arcuate nuclei
|
|
feedback inhibition on FSH and LH
|
estrogen and effect is multiplied by progesterone. Progesterone alone can not inhibit.
|
|
What causes ovulation to occur
|
increase in LH
|
|
Two effects of LH
|
causes ovulation and development/secretion of the corpus luteum
|
|
Anovulation
|
preovulary surge of LH that is not sufficient enough to cause ovulation. This happens during the first few cycles after puberty and before menapause. Without ovulation there is no corpus luteum and no secratory phase, the cycle is shortened by two days.
|
|
Cause of menapause
|
burning out of the ovaries. The production of estrogens by the ovaries decreases as the number of primordial follicles approches zero. Without estrogen there is no inhibition of FSH and LH which become continually secreted.
|
|
Physiologic changes after menapause
|
1. hot flashes 2. physchic sensations of dyspnea 3. irratability 4. fatigue 5. anxiety 6. various psycotic states 7. decreased strength and calcification of bones.
|
|
Female eunuchism |
absence of ovaries from birth or when they become non functional before puberty. Characteristics are long bones.
|
|
Loss of ovaries
|
breasts will atrophy and become pedulous
|
|
Hypothyroidism on mensis
|
the increase in TRH causes a release in prolactine which inhibits GnRH and causes amenorrhea.
|
|
Prolonged ovarian cycles
|
associated with failure to ovulate, presumible from lack of LH surge
|
|
Ovarian hypersecretion
|
rare clinical occurence becasuse hypersecretion of estrogen automatically decreases the amount of gonadotropins by teh pituitary and this limits the amount of estrogen production. Increased estrogen is usually only recognized clinically with faminizing tumors.
|
|
Granulosa cell tumor
|
rare. Usually develope after menapause and secrete large amounts of estrogen. First and only indicator is bleeding.
|
|
Sexual disire
|
increases in proportion to sex hormones. Desire also changes during sexual cycle, peaks near the time of ovulation because of high estrogen levels.
|
|
Sexual sensory signals
|
are transmitted to the sacral segments by the pudandal nerve and sacral plexus.
|
|
Erectile tissue in females
|
located around the introitus and extending to the cliterous. Controlled by parasympathetic nerves that pass through the nervi erigentes from the sacral plexus. Parasympathetis causes artery diolation in th tissue releasing Ach, NO and vasoactive polypeptide (VIP) at nerve endings.
|
|
Bartholin glands
|
secrete mucus immediatly inside the introitus.
|
|
Ferility and orgasm in female
|
the famale oocycte is more fertile by normal insemination possible due to orgasm. Orgasm causes rythmic muscle contraction and diolation of the cervix for 30 minutes.
|
|
Resolution
|
relaxing peacful effect of orgasm after muscle contration.
|
|
Fertility of sperm in the uterus
|
it can remain fertile for up to 5 days. Fertilization can ossur for 24 hours after ovulation.
|
|
The pill
|
combination of estrogen and progesterone. These can prevent the preovulatory durge of LH and depress ovulation. Made of synthetic hormone becasue they resist degradation by the liver. Can be taken orally, escape first pass metabolism.
|
|
Commonly used sex hormones in the pill
|
ethinyl estradiol and mestranol for estrogens. Norethindrone, norethynodrel, ethynodiol, and norgestrel for progesterone.
|
|
Most common cause of female sterility
|
failure to ovulate. This can result from hyposecretion of GnRH or an abnormal ovary that does not allow ovulation.
|
|
Testing for anovulation
|
test for progesterone in the urine during second half of cycle. Anovulation fails to produce progesterone.
|
|
Endometriosis
|
endometrial tissue grows on the outside of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries that mestrates into the pelvis. This causes fibrosis and can cover the overy and not allow ovulation.
|
|
Salpingitis
|
inflammation of the fallopian tubes that can fibrous and occlude them
|
|
Low grade infection of the cervix
|
can lead to mucous production and block sperm entry into the uterous.
|