Physio

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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ORGANISM,ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGANS, TISSUE, CELLS,ORGANELLES,MOLECULES,ATOMS ELMENTARY PAR

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HOMEOSTASIS

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MAINTENANCE OF STEADY INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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BASIC FEEDBACK MECH

COMPONENTS

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a control mechanism in which a response feeds back to the original point of stimulation receptor,modulato, effector

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Negative feedback

postive feedback

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cancels or counteracts the original stimulus. ie temp ctrl
amplifies or enhances the original stimulus ie lab delvry

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Intrinsic

extrinsic

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Control from within/outside organ/tissue via chemicals produced within the organ/tissue itself.

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membrane lipid

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bilayer hydrophilic hydrophobic
cholstrl stabilizes membrane
isolation of cellular contents local chemical mediators

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membrane protein

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globular/helical 70% integral (intrinsic), 30% are peripheral extrinsic)

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membrane protein function

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Fncts:mebrn transport cell comm act as receptors for regulatory molecules cellular recognition enzymatic control

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type of homeostatic control

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Nervous System neuro transmitters qik shrt duration) Endocrine System hormones (slower, longer in duration

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membrane physio
fluid mosaic model

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structure plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.Membrane ≈ 50% protein and ≈ 50% lipid

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type of homeostatic control

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Nervous System neuro transmitters quik shrt duration) Endocrine System hormones (slower, longer in duration

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membrane physio
fluid mosaic model

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structure plasma membrane phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.Membrane ≈ 50% protein and ≈ 50% lipid

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membrane lipid

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bilayer hydrophilic hydrophobic
cholstrl stabilizes membrane
isolation of cellular contents local chemical mediators

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membrane protein

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globular/helical 70% integral (intrinsic), 30% are peripheral extrinsic)

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membrane protein function

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Fncts:mebrn transport cell comm act as receptors for regulatory molecules cellular recognition enzymatic control

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channel proteins

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H2O filled pores extend across membrane allowing the passive movement of solute across the membrane

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Non regulated channel

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(pores): allow movement of ions or small polar molecules via simple diffusion

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Regulated channels

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regulate the movement of ions or small polar molecules (movement via simple diffusion) 2 type
chem/voltage

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Carrier Proteins

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bind specific solutes on one side of the membrane and transfer them to the other

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Characteristics of Carrier Proteins

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at least 2 molecules specific bind sites may trigger change allows exposure of bound substance to the cell’s interior

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport

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specificity: each protein contains a specific binding site for a specific substance

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport con't

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competition: closely related compounds compete 4 same binding site

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport con't

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saturation kinetics: limit 2 amnt substance can be transptd X membrane due to availability of unbound carriers

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Desynchronosis

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when the body gets “out of synchronization jet lag, rotational work , sleep

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Transmembrane Transport Processes
Principles of Molecular Motion

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particles are in a constant state of random motion due to thermal energy

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Principles of Molecular motion con't

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speed is proportional to temperature

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Factors Affecting Membrane Transport

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size ,# of particles transported lipid solubility affinity for a carrier # of carriers present

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Transmembrane transport processes
Passive Processes

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involve transmembrane transport that does not require
additional cellular energy

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Transmembrane transport processes
Simple Diffusion

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net movement of particles from higher conc to area of lower concentration (down the “concentration gradient”)
:
• Osmotic Pressure: the pressure that must be applied to a solution on one side of a membrane to prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane from the other side (the “water-attracting ability of a solute”)
• Tonicity: a term used to describe the effect of osmotic pressure of a solution relative to blood plasma
– Isotonic: has the same effective osmotic pressure as plasma
– Hypertonic: has a greater effective osmotic pressure as plasma
– Hypotonic: has a lesser effective osmotic pressure as plasma

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Transmembrane transport processes
Osmosis

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net diffusion of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane area hi H2O conc 2 low H2O concentration

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport

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specificity: each protein contains a specific binding site for a specific substance

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport con't

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competition: closely related compounds compete 4 same binding site

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Characteristics of Carrier-mediated transport con't

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saturation kinetics: limit 2 amnt substance can be transptd X membrane due to availability of unbound carriers

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Desynchronosis

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when the body gets “out of synchronization jet lag, rotational work , sleep

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Transmembrane Transport Processes
Principles of Molecular Motion

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particles are in a constant state of random motion due to thermal energy

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Principles of Molecular motion con't

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speed is proportional to temperature

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Factors Affecting Membrane Transport

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size ,# of particles transported lipid solubility affinity for a carrier # of carriers present

Front 38

Transmembrane transport processes
Passive Processes

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involve transmembrane transport that does not require
additional cellular energy

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Transmembrane transport processes
Simple Diffusion

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net movement of particles from higher conc to area of lower concentration (down the “concentration gradient”)

Front 40

Transmembrane transport processes
Osmosis

Back 40

net diffusion of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane area hi H2O conc 2 low H2O concentration

Front 41

Transmembrane transport process
Osmotic Pressure

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pressure must b applied 2 solutn on 1 side of membrane 2 prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane

Front 42

Transmembrane transport process
Tonicity

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a term used to describe the effect of osmotic pressure of a solution relative to blood plasma
–

Front 43

Transmembrane transport process
Isotonic

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has the same effective osmotic pressure as plasma

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Transmembrane transport process
Hypotonic

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has a greater effective osmotic pressure than plasma

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Transmembrane transport process
Hypertonic

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has a lesser effective osmotic pressure than plasma

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Principles of Molecular motion con't

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speed is proportional to temperature

Front 47

Factors Affecting Membrane Transport

Back 47

size ,# of particles transported lipid solubility affinity for a carrier # of carriers present

Front 48

Transmembrane transport processes
Passive Processes

Back 48

involve transmembrane transport that does not require
additional cellular energy

Front 49

Transmembrane transport processes
Simple Diffusion

Back 49

net movement of particles from higher conc to area of lower concentration (down the “concentration gradient”)

Front 50

Transmembrane transport processes
Osmosis

Back 50

net diffusion of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane area hi H2O conc 2 low H2O concentration

Front 51

Transmembrane transport process
Osmotic Pressure

Back 51

pressure must b applied 2 solutn on 1 side of membrane 2 prevent osmotic flow of water across the membrane

Front 52

Transmembrane transport process
Tonicity

Back 52

a term used to describe the effect of osmotic pressure of a solution relative to blood plasma
–

Front 53

Transmembrane transport process
Isotonic

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has the same effective osmotic pressure as plasma

Front 54

Transmembrane transport process
Hypotonic

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has a lesser effective osmotic pressure than plasma

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Transmembrane transport process
Hypertonic

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has a greater effective osmotic pressure than plasma

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Facilitated Diffusion:

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a carrier protein is utilized
like simple diffusion, particles move down their concentration gradient

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Filtration:

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water and solutes are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

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Primary Active Transport:

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carrier-mediated, transmembrane transport of a substance requiring energy that is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP

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Na+/K+ Pump:

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for each molecule of ATP, 3 Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell for every 2 K+ ions pumped into the cell

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Secondary Active Transport:

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carrier-mediated, transport driven by passive ion gradients created by the operation of primary active transport mechs

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symport:

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materials are moved in the same direction as the ion gradient

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antiport:

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materials are moved in the opposite direction as the ion gradient

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Endocytosis/Exocytosis:

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materials enter/exit the cell
Phagocytosis / Pinocytosis)

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis:

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endocytosis which a large protein hormone taken into a target cell with receptor protein following lysosomal digestion, membrane recycled

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Basic Flow of Genetic Information

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DNA —> RNA —> Protein / Polypeptide (may be structural or enzymatic)

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Basic flow of genetic information Replication
–
•
2. Chromatin / Chromosomes / Genes
• Chromatin: a diffuse form of genetic material plus regulatory proteins
– :
> histones (involved in maintenance of structure)
• Chromosome: a distinct, highly condensed package of DNA and protein
organized into a definite structure (a single, long strand of DNA)
• Gene: a specific portion of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide* (*newest definition: “a specific portion of DNA that codes for a specific piece of RNA”)

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DNA —> DNA (DNA synthesis or “DNA Replication”)

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Transcription

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DNA —> RNA (RNA synthesis or “Transcription”)

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Translation

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RNA —> Protein (Protein synthesis or “Translation”)

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Protein (or polypeptide) product may be used to

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produce other Biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) produce Other organic molecules

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Chromatin:

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a diffuse form of genetic material plus regulatory proteins

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Regulatory Proteins

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non-histones (involved in genetic control mechanisms) histones (involved in maintenance of structure)

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Chromosome:

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a distinct, highly condensed package of DNA and protein
organized into a definite structure (a single, long strand of DNA)

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Gene:

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a specific portion of DNA that codes for a specific piece of RNA”

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Nucleic Acids:

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macromolecules consistg of chains of nucleotides, attached to one another by covalent bonds produced by polymerases