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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was the inventor of fluoroscope? |
Thomas Edison |
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What year did Thomas Edison invent Fluoroscopy? |
1896 |
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What are the names of old terms for dynamic (Live) studies? |
Cine Video imaging spotfilms and 8mm |
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What exams do we use fluoro? |
Angiography Neurology Vascular Interventional Radiography/IR |
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What technique do we use for fluoro mA |
< 5mA |
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What technique do we use for fluoro kVp UGI/BE? |
100-110 |
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What technique do we use for fluoro kVp AC studies? |
80-90 AC (air contrast) |
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____ Are sensitive to low light and are used in dim areas? |
RODS (Night Vision) |
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True or False, Rods can react to intense light? |
False |
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The rods are concentrated in what part of the eye? |
Periphery of retina |
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___ respond to high light levels/bright light? |
Cones |
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T or F, best visualize acuity happens in the cones? |
T |
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Where are the cones concentrated in the eye? |
Fovea Centralis- Center of retina |
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The term that describes the ability of the eye to detect differences in brightness? |
Contrast Perception |
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The Image Intensifier tube Starts and Ends where? |
Starts @ Input phosphor Ends @ Output phosphor |
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The input phosphor is made of? |
Cesium Iodide |
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____ Receives radiation exiting patient -turns X-rays into light. |
The input phosphor |
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The input phosphor emits what? |
Light Photons |
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___ Responds to light exiting the input phosphor. |
Photocathode |
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TRUE or FALSE, the photocathode light level is raised to photopic vision? |
TRUE |
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The photocathode ___ image brightness-better fluoroscopy. |
Increase |
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What does the electrostatic sense do? |
Focus electrons |
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The ___ receives electrons from the photocathode? |
Output Phosphor |
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The output phosphor emits __ to __ times more light than received by photocathode? |
50-75 |
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Output phosphor is made of? |
Zinc Cadmium Sulfide |
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true or false, image intensifier done @ illumination levels are similar to radiographic viewing? (Output Phosphor) |
true |
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The image intensifier increases brightness levels __ to__ times |
5000-30,000 times |
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The X-rays that exit the patient 1st interacts with? |
The input phosphor |
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what phosphor gives off light when struck by electrons? |
The Output |
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What are the the units of resolution? |
LP/MM |
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Which is larger, output or input phosphor? |
The Input Phosphor |
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Where is resolution sharpest at and dimmer/less sharp at? |
-Center of phosphor -Periphery |
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What is the largest size for input phosphor? |
22mm |
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Flux Gain = Ratio what is the formula? |
# of output light photons/ # of input x-ray photons |
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Brightness Gain What is the formula? |
Minification Gain X Flux Gain
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The capacity of the Image Intensifier to ___ the illumination level of the image. |
Increase -Ranges 5,000to 30,000 |
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what does ABC mean? |
Automatic Brightness Control |
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What is ABC used for? |
Maintains the brightness of the image |
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How does ABC maintain the brightness of the image? |
KVP and MA |
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This mode has better spatial and contrast resolution but with higher patient dose? |
Magnification Mode |
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The # of X-rays exiting the pt is ___ proportional the the # of light photons emitted in the II? |
Directly proportional |
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The ____ ____ of the photoelectrons in the ii is greatly __by the potential in energy difference across the tube. |
Kinetic Energy Increase |
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Intensifier Image tube is named by? |
the diameter of the input phosphor which its average size is 22mm |
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What are the advantages of TV monitoring? |
Allows contrast and brightness to be electronically controlled by the unit (Vidicon) |
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___ is the stimulation of photocathode emits electrons when struck by light from input phosphor, and is very similar the the thermionic emission? |
Photoemission |
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What is the normal fluoroscopy quality control (Exposure Rate) |
ESE= < or equal to 10 R/Min |
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What is the Interventional fluoroscopy quality control (Exposure Rate) |
ESE= < or equal to 20 R/min |
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Cassette fluoroscopy quality control (Spotfilm exposure) |
ESE= approx 200 MR perspot |
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Photo fluorospot, fluoroscopy quality control (Spotfilm exposure) |
ESE= approx 1-- MR per slot |
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Fluoroscopy Quality Control (ABC) |
Evaluate annually |
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What are the 2 main differences Digital Fluoroscopy Vs Convetional |
-the way image is made -the way it is digitized |
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Digital fluoroscopy has these but not conventional |
-added computer -2 or more monitors -intricale operators console (very detailed) |
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Pt dose during fluoro conventional during 5 min? |
200mGy (20 rad) |
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Pt dose during flour digital during 5 min? |
100 mGy (10 rad) |
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Out of conventional and digital which one has more dosage> |
Conventional has more |
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What are the advantages of digital fluoro |
- increased speed -post processing -fast interrogation (turn on) -fast extinction (turn off) |
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HF generators provide times of?? (Digital) |
> 1ms |
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Pulsed progressive fluoro is used for? (Digital) |
for reduced pt dose and Increases light sensitivity |
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_____ is the primary advantage over conventional fluoro? |
Image Subtraction -Like looking at intestine and everything else is blurred out |
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What does CCD mean? |
Charged Couple Device |
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___ this replaced the tv camera tube. |
the CCD |
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The CCD was first designed for what and used for what kind ov vision in the 1970s? |
Military use in night vision |
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The sensitive component of CCD is? |
Crystalline Silicon |
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The CCD is located where in the ii? |
Located in the output phosphor?? |
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What places today is the CCD used? |
-digital cameras -commercial televisions - security surveillance -astronomy |
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What are the advantages for using CCD? |
Small size and ruggedness as in durable |
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The Advantages of charge coupled devices for medical imaging. |
-High spatial resolution and signal to noise ratio -High detective quantum efficiency (DQE) dose to pt - no warm up required - no log or blooming easy on off -no spatial distortion -no maintenance -unlimited life -unaffected by magnetic field -linear response -lower pt dose |
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What are advantages of flat panel image receptors? (FPIRS) |
-Distortion free -constant image quality -improved contact resolution -High DQE at all radiation dose levels -Rectangular image coupled to similar image monitor -unaffected by external magnetic fields |
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What is digital subtraction? |
Analog to digital convert (Analog to Digital Converter ADC) accepts analog signal from output and digitizes it |
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What are types of image subtraction techniques? |
Temoral Energy hybrid |
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Temoral= |
most artifact by pt motion |
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ENERGY= |
less motion artifact than temporal and takes advantage of k-edge absorption provided by the cm |
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Hybrid |
a combo of temporal and energy |
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the hybrid capability provides what? |
Best detail but only if pt motion is controlled |
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___ results in successive subtraction images of contact filled vessels, removes bony artifact for better visualization. these images appear in real time and then stored |
Mask Mode |
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Mask mode requires less ?? |
CM- 1 bolus injection |
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__ is the rapid capturing of 4 to 8 video frames to contract an image compensates for slow video response time |
Image Intergration |
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pt dose is increased or decreased=taking lots of pics over short period of time (Image inergration) |
Increases pt dose |
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Image intergration does what to contrast resolution? |
Increases contrast |
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Image integration __ background noise or artifact |
Decreases background |
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In mask mode the mask image appears on monitor __ and the subverted image appears on monitor __ simultaneously |
#2 #1 |
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If image is poor remasking will be required to fix what? |
-artifacts -noise -pt motion -technical factors |
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TID stands for? |
Time-Interval Difference mode |
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The TID mode produces what? |
subtracted images from progressive masks and following frames |
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this capability allows each image to be free or virtually all motion artifact. |
The Time Interval Difference Mode |
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The TID is needed to control what? |
To control involuntary motion of the heart - thus is used in cardiac imaging primary |
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Conventional Fluoro systems IMAGE DISPLAY |
-interlaced mode -signal-to noise ratio 200: 1 |
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Digital fluoro systems IMAGE DISPLAY |
-progressive mode -signal-to noise ration 1000:1 |
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__ is rapid on and off of the X-ray beam |
Pulsed Fluoro |
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__ is how many pulses occur per second of operation (# of exposures, persec) |
Pulse rate |
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__ refers to the length of each pulse (How long each exposure lasts) |
Pulse Width |
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__ averages multiple imaging frames together, this combining of frames reduces noise and since fewer exposures are needed to dose decrease. |
Frame Averaging |
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Geometric Magnification |
-Taking advantage of the physical construction of the c-arm design that allows the pt to be closer to the X-ray tube creating more OID between part and receptor -Creates magnification greater ease with viewing vessels -OID-DISTORTION-SIZE-for vessels this can be good |
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Electronic |
Post processing |
