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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 kg m/s^2
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Newton
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760 mm Hg or torr = ? atm
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1
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1 atm or bar = ? psi
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14.7
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1 atm = ? kPa
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100
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1 atm = ? cm H2O
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1000
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1 oz = ? g
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28.35
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formula for conversion of C to F
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1.8 C + 32
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formula for conversion of C to K
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C + 273
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what are the components represented in the formula y=mx+b?
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y=dependent variable
m=slope(how strongly x/y are related) x=independent variable b=intercept(where the line crosses y axis) |
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where does F=C?
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-40 degrees
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what happens to the vaporizer pressure at higher temperatures?
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it goes up
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what 2 calibration points are used for the vaporizers? (in liters and degrees celcius)
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22.4L and 0 degrees
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will you deliver more or less gas volume than what you dial in at a higher temperature?
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more
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which kind of physical proerties depend on the quantity of material? (intensive or extensive)
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extensive
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Color is an example of an (intensive/extensive) property
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intensive
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How many significant figures do the following have?
2.00 0.002 0.020 200 2.30 x 10^3 202 |
3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3
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what is the difference between accuracy and precision?
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accuracy=agreement between data and true value
precision=agreement between repeated measurements |
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Which measure is used to assess accuracy? (percent error or standard deviation)
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percent error
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what is the formula for calculating percent error?
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(measured value - true value / true value) x 100
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what is the formula for density and what are the standard units of expression?
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density= mass / volume
g/ml |
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what is specific gravity?
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ratio of the density of an object/ density of water
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What is weight?
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w=m x g(gravity)
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What is a newton?
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force required to move 1 kg - 1 meter in 1 second
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What are newton's 3 laws of motion?
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1. moving objects will continue moving until an external force acts upon it
2. force is equal to mass times acceleration 3. for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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What is velocity?
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displacement / change in time
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what is the difference between velocity and speed?
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velocity involves displacement(can be negative) but speed involves distance(must be positive)
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what is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?
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scalar has magnitude only, vector has magnitude and direction
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what is acceleration?
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change in velocity / change in time
measured in m/s^2 |
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what is the value of acceleration due to gravity?
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9.8 m/s^2 or 32.2 ft/s^2
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Is weight a force?
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yes! measured in newtons
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what is pressure?
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force / area
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what is 1 N / m^2 ?
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1 Pa
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pressure is (directly/inversely) proportional to area?
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inversely
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will there be greater pressure generated with the same force exerted on a TB syringe or a 20ml syringe?
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greater pressure with the TB syringe(force is constant and pressure is inversely related to area)
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which size syringe will be easier to push local anesthetic into a 20g epidural catheter? 3ml, 10ml, 20ml
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3ml
pressure is constant d/t the 20g catheter and force is directly related to area |
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what is the difference between a barometer and a manometer?
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barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, a manometer is used to measure pressure differences between the system and the atmosphere
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what is the difference between an open and a closed aneroid bellows gauge?
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an open gauge measures gauge pressure(ex: bourdon gauge), a closed gauge measures absolute pressure
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how do you determine total pressure from an O2 tank?
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gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure
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does water boil at a higher or lower temp with higher altitude?
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lower temp
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what is KE?
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( m x v^2) / 2
measured in J association of mass and velocity |
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What is a Joule?
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1 kg m^2/s^2
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how is KE related to speed?
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KE is directly related to the square of its speed
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is KE scalar or vector?
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scalar ( no direction, only magnitude)
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increasing the density (increases/decreases) the pressure through an area
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increases
this is the density effect |
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how is the change in pressure measured?
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force x resistance
inc resistance causes inc pressures-->ventilator circuit |
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what is work?
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force x distance or pressure x change in volume
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what is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?
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kinetic energy is given by motion, potential energy is stored by position
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what is friction?
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resistance to flow caused by adhesive and cohesive forces
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what is viscosity?
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fluids internal resistance, increased by inc intermolecular forces
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what has the greatest effect on steady flow? resistance, viscosity, friction
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resistance
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what is Pascal's law? give an example
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external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, it is transmitted unchanged to every point within the fluid. ex: hydraulic systems
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what are the 3 components of the atmospheric pressure concept?
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Molecular weight + molecular motion
Gravity + Energy imparted to the particles Increase density --> increase pressure |
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how does ambient pressure differ from atmospheric pressure?
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ambient pressure is in the environment surrounding an object, could be above or below atmospheric pressure
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what is a torr?
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A unit of pressure sufficient to support a 1 mm column of Hg at 0 C
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What does Dalton's law of partial pressure state?
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total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all substances
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what is the critical pressure of a gas?
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the vapor pressure, pressure required to liquify a gas at the critical temperature(20 degrees)
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what is the critical temperature?
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temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied regardless of how much pressure is applied
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Critical Temperature of Gas A is 10oC and Critical Pressure is 2 Atmospheres. If apply 2 Atmospheres to the gas at a temperature below 10oC the gas will liquefy (true/false)
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true
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what is the difference between absolute pressure and gauge pressure?
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absolute pressure takes into account the atmospheric pressure in addition to the gauge pressure
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According to Poiseuille's law, how does flow relate to diameter, pressure, length, and viscosity?
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flow is directly proportional to diameter and pressure,but inversely proportional to length and viscosity
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what is an orifice?
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an opening for fluid to flow whose diameter is greater than its length
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How does graham's law relate flow through and orifice to the density of a fluid?
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flow through the orifice is inversely related to the density of the fluid
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what is an example of annular flow?
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flow meters
ring shaped flow, laminar flow beyond ball |
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Molecules move through the tube in layers with greatest velocity as the center of the tube is approached (true/ false)
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true
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(Viscosity/ density) is inversely proportional to flow when flow is laminar
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viscosity
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(Viscosity/ density) is inversely proportional to flow when flow is turbulent
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density
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what is a critical flow rate?
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Velocity at which a liquid or a gas converts from laminar to turbulent flow.
can have turbulent flow above and below this critical rate. |
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would a smaller diameter tube require a higher or lower flow rate to promote laminar flow?
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lower flow
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Explain bernoulli's theorem
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a decrease in diameter results in an increase in velocity
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What does the venturi effect allow? give an example
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sub-atmospheric pressure after the constriction in the tube to allow a second gas to be drawn inward and mixed with the first gas
ex: nebulizer |
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variable orifice tube has a change in pressure with inc flow(true/false)
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false
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The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals ambient pressure is...
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boiling point
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increased ambient pressure results in (increased/decreased) boiling point?
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increased
(at 60K ft water boils at 37 degrees C) |
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is the dew point of a volatile agent high or low?
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low
the higher the air temp, the more vapor the air can hold and the higher the dew point |
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Increased temperatures will result in (increased/decreased) vaporization
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increased
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The VP value depends on what 3 things?
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mass, polarity, temperature
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Amount of heat absorbed to convert a liquid to a gas at its boiling point
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latent heat of vaporization
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A lower VP corresponds to a (higher/lower) MAC?why?
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lower
a lower VP means most of agent is still in liquid form and thus is more potent, requires lower dose |
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what is the difference between heat and temperature?
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heat is the energy transfered as a result of temperature differences
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The measurement of a substances ability to conduct heat is...
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thermal conductivity
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The same amount of water and mercury at the same temperature have the same amount of heat(true/false)
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false, the water has more heat
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What is STP?
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0 degrees C and 1 atm
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what is the triple point of water?
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temperature and Pressure at which water vapor, liquid and solid phases are in equilibrium.
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what is a calorie?
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Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H2O 1 degree C
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what is the boiling point of water in C, F, K?
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C=100, F=212, K=373
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what is the heat of combustion?
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Quantity of heat which is liberated per gram molecule of a substance when it undergoes complete combustion
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what is the difference between an endothermic and an exothermic process? give an example of each
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endothermic(ice to water) requires input of energy, exothermic(water to ice) gives off energy
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what is the order of heat loss methods from most to least? give an example of each
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radiation= newborns
convection=air circulation in OR conduction=pt on OR table evaporation= exhalation |
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give an example of conversion heat
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microwave or UV light
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what is energy? give an example
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the capacity to do work
ex:light, heat, sound |
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what is work?
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force x distance
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what is internal energy?
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the sum of the KE and PE
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What is PE?give an example
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PE= m x g x h
stored energy ex: stretched rubber band, lump of coal |
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increased velocity results in increased KE(true/false)
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true
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what does the first law of thermodynamics state?
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conservation of energy, the change in internal energy equals the sum of the heat processes and the work done
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what does the second law of thermodynamics state?
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heat flows from hot to cold until it reaches entropy(inability for energy to do work)
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what is the heart law?
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same as starling's law
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What 2 things can dictate your flow on the ventilator?
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volume or pressure
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what are the 3 components of ventilation?
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pressure, flow, volume
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List the modes where a patient can trigger a breath
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all modes except CMV and PC-IRV
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what is the difference between APRV and PC-IRV?
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both are pressure limited, time cycled but APRV can be patient triggered (spontaneous breaths at P high/P low)and PC-IRV can't
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what is the difference between A/C and IMV?
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IMV is pressure controlled for spontaneous breaths and A/C is pressure or volume controlled for spontaneous breaths
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what is the difference between IMV and SIMV?
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IMV allows spontaneous breaths between mandatory breaths but can result in breath stacking, SIMV accounts for this and re-times the next mandatory breath to avoid stacking
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