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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Can provide an decrease in gas density & an increase in gas flow
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Heliox gas mixture
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Law that states the rate of gas diffusion is inversely proportional to the weight of gas.
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Grahams Law
increase rate=decrease weight=increase solubility |
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barometric pressure in denver?
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630 mmHg
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barometric pressure at sealevel?
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760 mmHg
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TEMP CONVERSION
Kelvin to Celsius |
C= K-273
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TEMP CONVERSION
Celsius to Kelvin |
K = C + 273
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TEMP CONVERSION
Celsius to Fahrenheit |
F= [9/5(C)]+32
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TEMP CONVERSION
Fahrenheit to Celsius |
C= 5/9(F-32)
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def.
motion, heat, capacity to do work |
Energy
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formula
Force X distance |
Work
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2 forms of energy
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potential energy
kinetic |
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def
positioning with potential for kinetic energy |
potential energy
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kinetic
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motion
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3 states of matter
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solid,liquid,gas
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def.
matter cannot be created or destroyed,but can be changed from one form to another |
conservation of energy
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def.
amount of matter |
Mass
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density X volume
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Mass
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def.
gravitational attraction between earth and matter |
Weight
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def.
ratio of mass to volume |
Density
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mass/volume
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Density
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the air we breath has what percent oxygen and nitrogen?
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21% oxygen
79% nitrogen |
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what is the percentage of oxygen in the air at 10,000 feet?
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21%
21% everywhere |
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def.
force per unit of area |
pressure
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formula
F/A or force/area |
pressure
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smaller area would result in more or less pressure??
hint: high heel vs flat shoe |
more
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def
pressure in room |
ambient
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barometric pressure measures?
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atmospheric pressure
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heat makes molecules move faster or slower??
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faster
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def
the point where there is the minimum possible total energy |
absolute zero
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Transfer of thermal energy occurs by?(3)
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convection,conduction,radiation
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transfer of energy cause by motion of molecules (heat moving from high heat to low heat)
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convection
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tranfer of energy from molecule to molecule
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conduction
(metals have high conduction properties) |
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transfer of energy: emission of heat without movement
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radiation
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which take up more room liquids or gas? and why?
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gas, because molecules of gas are further apart than a liquid (less dense then liquid)
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what are not bound together by forces at all but fly freely in space?
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molecules of gas
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1 psi = __ mmHg=__cmH2O
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52 mmHg=70 cmH2O
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mmHg stands for?
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milimeters of mercury
it is a unit of pressure |
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cmH2O stands for?
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centimeters of water
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def
determining pressures during mechanical ventilation or in water supply networks |
centimeters of water
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torr is?
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unit of pressure
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1mmHg=__cmH2O
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1.36
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they exert forces on each other only when they collide?
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gas molecules
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when they collide they bounce from each other & continue freely until next collision?
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gas molecules
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gases consist of molecules in continuous random motion
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Kinetic Theory of Gases
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it is assumed the vol of the molecules is negligible compared to the vol of the container
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Kinetic Theory of Gases
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collisions between molecules are elastic and have no transference of energy
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Kinetic theory of gases
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the kinetic activity of the molecules is directly proportional to the temp
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Kinetic theory of gases
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increase kinetic activity will result in an ______in the velocity of particles resulting in an _______ in the pressure of the container?? increase or decrease
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increase and increase
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will travel in a straight path till they collide
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gas molecules
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haphazard irregular motion that never ceases
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brownian movement
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barometic pressue is messured by??
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a barometer
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vol of different gases contain the same # of particles if both gases are the same temp and pressure
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Avagado's Law
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________in gas density,increase in gas flow
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decrease (helium oxygen density
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rate at which pressure moves from an area of greater pressure to an area of lower pressure
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pressure gradient
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greater pressure=greater____activity
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kinetic
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rate of gas flow factors: (2)
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difference of pressure, size of openings between two areas
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this law can be used to predict specific changes of temp, pressure and vol
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Ideal gas law
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P1xV1/T1=P2xV2/T2
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Ideal gas law
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temp remains constant, pressure will vary inversely to volume?
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Boyles Law
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is boyles law direct or inverse?
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inverse
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P1xV1=P2xV2
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BOYLES LAW OF TEMP
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BOYLES LAW OF TEMP
formula reminder |
boyle potatoes & veggies for 1, boyle potatoes & veggies for 2
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pressure remains constant, volume and temp will vary directly
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Charles Law
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V1/T1=V2/T2
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Charles Law
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Charles Law reminder sayings
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sounds like charo
charo pressure, pressure,pressure charo was on TV |
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volume remains constant, pressure and temperature will vary directly
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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P1/T1=P2/T2
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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Gay-Lussac's Law reminder
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grocery sac has same volume
don't forget the Toliet Paper |
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The pressure of any gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressure exerted by the individual gases
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Dalton's Law
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100% total=P1+P2+P3......
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Daltons Law
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Dalton reminder
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dAltons law
A=Arithetic Add All the partial pressure =100% |
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3 questions to solve gas law problems
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what's constant? Do I need to convert to Kelvin? Are my units the same?
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the cross sectional area of a tube thru which a fluid is flowing & velocity of the flowing fluid when the flow rate is constant
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Law of Continuity
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cross sectional area and velocity are inversely related
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Law of Continuity
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distance/time
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velocity
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as the cross sectional area decreases for a given flow rate the velocity of the flowing gas increases & vice versa
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Law of Continuity
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A1xV1=A2xV2
A=cross sectional Area of the tube V=average velocity of the flowing fluid |
Law of Continuity
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____the cross sectional area of the tube,____the velocity of the fluid. The flow rate remains_______.
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decreasing, increases, constant
Law of continuity |
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speed with which movement between two points occurs
miles/hrs or cm/sec |
Velocity
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volume passing a single point per unit of time
liters/min or liters/sec |
Flow
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velocity will increase with constriction, pressue will drop, decreases pressure on lateral wall
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Bernoulli's Principle
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the additon of a tube gradually increasing in diameter, not exceeding 15 degrees in the direction of flow from the the jet orfice, will restore the lateral pressure of the gas toward prerestriction pressure.
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Venturi Principle
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cross sectional change is require to change velocity
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Venturi Principle
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def.
upward force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced |
Buoyancy
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volume/time
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flow
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when a liquid in a small tube tends to move upward againt gravity
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capillary action
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type of flow:
smooth, even,non tumbling. A cone front |
Laminar Flow
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type of flow:
resistance & move at a grat velocity than the molecules at the sides |
Laminar Flow
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type of flow:
rough, tumbling,uneven, blunt front |
turbulent flow
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type of flow:
all molecules come in contact with the walls of the vessels |
turbulent flow
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type of flow:
combination of areas of laminar flow & turblent flow |
tracheobroncial flow
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type of flow:
thought to be the type of low maintence throughout the respiratory system |
tracheobroncial flow
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used to indicate whether flow through a system is laminar or turbulent
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Reynolds Number
lrg# indicates turbulent sm # indicates lamilar |
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the content or actual weight of water present in a given volume of gas
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Absolute Humidity
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how is absolute humidity expressed
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terms of the weight of water in the vol of gas
(miligrams per liter (mg/L) or watervapor pressure (PH2O) |
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maximum absolute humidity at 37 degrees Celcius which is body temp. What is the water vapor content and partial pressure?
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43.8mg/L partial pressure of 47mmHg
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Water in the gases state
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humidity
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behaves similar way to gas molecules. Molecules exert a pressure and are in constarnt random motion
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humidity
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maximum absolute humidity or capacity
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potiential humidity (capacity)
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it is the weight of H2O vapor or the PH2O in a saturated gas
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potiential humidity
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PH2O is?
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water vapor pressue
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the higher the temp, the___water a volume of gas can hold and the_____PH2O
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higher, higher
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the content or actual weight of water present in a given vol of gas
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absolute humidity (actual)
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expressed in terms of the weight in water
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absolute humidity (actual)
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actual humidity/capacity at temp
AH/PH |
relative humidity
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comparison of the absolute amt of water a given volume of gas (Absolute humidity) to the amt of water given vol of gas can hold at a given temp (capacity)
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relative humidity
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when the humidity content equals the capacity the gas is??
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Saturated or the Relative Humidity is 100%
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used to indicate whether flow through a system is laminar or turbulent
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Reynolds Number
lrg# indicates turbulent sm # indicates lamilar |
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the content or actual weight of water present in a given volume of gas
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Absolute Humidity
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how is absolute humidity expressed
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terms of the weight of water in the vol of gas
(miligrams per liter (mg/L) or watervapor pressure (PH2O) |
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maximum absolute humidity at 37 degrees Celcius which is body temp. What is the water vapor content and partial pressure?
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43.8mg/L partial pressure of 47mmHg
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Water in the gases state
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humidity
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behaves similar way to gas molecules. Molecules exert a pressure and are in constarnt random motion
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humidity
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maximum absolute humidity or capacity
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potiential humidity (capacity)
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it is the weight of H2O vapor or the PH2O in a saturated gas
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potiential humidity
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PH2O is?
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water vapor pressue
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the higher the temp, the___water a volume of gas can hold and the_____PH2O
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higher, higher
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the content or actual weight of water present in a given vol of gas
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absolute humidity (actual)
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expressed in terms of the weight in water
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absolute humidity (actual)
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actual humidity/capacity at temp
AH/PH |
relative humidity
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comparison of athe actual or absolute amt of water a given vol of gas (Absolute humidity) to the amt of water given vol of gas can hold at a given temp (capacity)
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relative humidity
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when the humidity content equals the capacity the gas is??
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Saturated or the Relative Humidity is 100%
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content/capacity @ 37 C
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body humidity percentage
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the difference between the inspired absolute humidity and the water vapor content in alveoloar air
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humidity deficit
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the difference between inspired airs water content and the water content of a gas at body temp and pressure
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humidity deficit
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PAO2?
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partial pressure of oxygen
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the > the mass & velocity of a prticle the > the inertia tha keepts the particle in motion
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inertial impaction
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happens w/ particles 5 micrometers & larger(not likely to make it past the upper airway anyway) & for particles less than 1 micrometer (so small that they will probably just be exhaled)
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inertial impaction
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turbulent flow, complex passageways,bifurcation of the airways & high inspiratory flows increase th impaction of particles larger than 2 micrometers in the larger airways
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inertial impaction
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occurs when aerosol particles settle out of suspension because of gravity
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Gravitational sedimentation
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the > the mass of the particle , the faster it settles
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Gravitational sedimentation
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physical processes where molecules move from area of high concentration to area of lower concentration
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Diffusion
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kenetic energy is the driving force behind this??
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Diffusion
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rate of diffusion is directly proportional to...
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concentration (or pressure),gradent, the cross sectional area aval. for diffusion and temp
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rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to...
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the distance the particle must travel & to the molecular weight of the particle
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increase gradient, increase area, increase temp =
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increase rate of diffusion
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particles suspended in air
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aerosol therapy
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humidify inspired gas, deliver medications & or improve mobilization & thus elimination of secretions
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goal of aerosol therapy
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(Pb mmHg-47mmHg)X FIO2 - PaCO2 X 1.25
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Alveolar air equation
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states that the rate of gas transfer across a sheet of tissue is directly proportional (or corresponding) to the surface area of the tissue, to the diffusion constants,& to the difference in partial pressure of gas between the two sides of tissue,& is inversly proportional to the thickness of the tissue
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Ficks Law
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increase rate = increased area
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Ficks Law
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increased rate = increased gradient
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Ficks Law
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the rate of change with respect to distance of a variable quantity, as temperature or pressure, in the direction of maximum change.
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gradient
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decrease rate = thickness of aveolar capillary membrane
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Ficks Law
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the amt of a gas that dissolves in a liquid at a given temp is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas.
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Henry's Law
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corresponding
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proportional
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The amt of that can be dissolved my 1 mL of a given liquid at standard pressure (760mmHg)& a specified temp is known as the "solubilty coefficient" of the liquid
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Henry's Law
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increase pressure=increase solubility
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Henry's Law
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reversed in position, order, direction. terms of which an increase in one results in a decrease in another
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Inverse
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volume/time
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flow
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area--decreased alveolar surface area, decreases the ability of oxygen to enter teh pulmonary capillary blood
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clinical application of ficks law
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pressure-- decreased alveolar oxygen pressure reduces the diffusion of oxygen into the pulmonary capillary blood
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clinical application of ficks law
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thickness--increased alveolar tissue thickness reduces the oxygen across the alveolar capillary membrane
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clinical application of ficks law
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The injection of fluid into a blood vessel in order to reach an organ or tissues, usually to supply nutrients and oxygen
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perfusion
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forces that must be overcome to move air: (4)
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1.resistance of the airway 2.overcome the elastic forces of the lung tissue 3. tissue resistance 4.surface tension
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force exerted by like molecules at the surface of a liquid is called this
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surface tension
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this law supports the idea that the size of the airway is directly realated to the gas flow & inversely related to the work of breathing
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Poiseulles Law
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1 psi=52 mmHg=__cmH2O
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70 cmH2O
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1mmHg=__cmH2O
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1.36 cmH2O
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the process where matter in it's liquid from is changed into a gas
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vaporization
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conversion between solid & gas phases without going to liquid state
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sublimation (example:dry ice)
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body temp in fahrenheit?
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98.6 degrees F
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