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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True/False: Everything emitted from the ultrasound machine is electrical. |
True |
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True/False: Everything emitted into the patient from the transducer is electrical. |
False *everything into the patient is sound |
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True/False: The transducer contains sound and electricity. |
True |
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Which type of pulser generates a single electrical spike ultimately creating a single sound (acoustic) pulse? |
pulsed wave (single crystal) |
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Which type of pulser generates numerous electrical spikes ultimately creating a single sound (acoustic) pulse? |
pulsed wave (phased array) |
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The acoustic power of a sound beam emitted from a transducer is determined by the ______________ of the pulser's signal. |
voltage |
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Name the 5 operations in ascending order of the Receiver. |
*After Class Come Drink Rum |
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All of the following are functions of the receiver except? demodulation amplification suppression attenuation |
attenuation |
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All of the following are components of an ultrsound system except? transducer alternator display pulser synchronizer receiver |
alternator |
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Which type of pulser generates a constant electrical signal in the form of a sine wave? |
continuous wave |
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True/False: Amplification processes all reflected signals in a similar manner. |
True *all signals are processed identically |
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True/False: Compensation processes all reflected signals in a similar manner. |
False *signals arising from deep structures are substantially compensated vs those from shallow structures |
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What should be adjusted if the image only displays reflectors in a region far from the transducer and not in regions close to the transducer? |
compensation |
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What should be adjusted and how if an image is too saturated (too bright) everywhere? |
decrease the output power |
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What should be adjusted if the image only displays reflectors in regions close to the transducer and not in far regions from the transducer?
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compensation |
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Which electronic component is required for gray scale imaging? |
scan converter |
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The scan converter with the ___________ number of picture elements produces the best spatial resolution in an image. |
higher |
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Which of the following scan converters will provide the best spatial resolution? 256 x 256 128 x 128 1000 x 1000 512 x 512 |
1000 x 1000 *the higher the pixels/bits the better spatial resolution |
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What is the smallest element of computer memory called? |
bit |
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True/False: A bit is the smallest element of an image. |
False *smallest element of computer memory |
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How many gray shades can be represented by a group of 5 bits? |
32 shades *(2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) |
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What is the number of shades that can be represented by 3 bits? |
8 shades * (2 x 2 x 2) |
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How many different shades are stored by using 2 bits? |
4 shades *(2 x 2) |
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How many bits are needed to store 11 shades? |
4 bits *(2 x 2 x 2 x 2) |
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How many bits are needed to store 15 shades? |
4 bits *(2 x 2 x 2 x 2) |
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True/False: A pixel can display up to 3 gray shades simultaneously. |
False * a single pixel can only display a single shade of gray |
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Modifying a frozen image, adjusting the brightness on the monitor and read zoom are all _________-processing. |
post-processing |
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Increasing the receiver gain and write zoom are both done __________-processing |
pre-processing |
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Where does coded excitation take place? |
in the pulser |
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A sophisticated process of creating complex pulses to improve image quality is called? |
coded excitation |
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True/False: Mechanical transducers cannot perform spatial compounding. |
True |
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Spatial compounding is performed only with _____________ ____________ transducers that electronically steer sound beams in different directions. |
phased array |
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Which technology uses long sound pulses to create an image? |
coded excitation |
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With frequency compounding, how many pulses are transmitted down each scan line? |
one *this data is then divided into sub-bands |
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What is the ratio between large and small signals that can accurately be measured known as? |
Dynamic range |
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Sound with a frequency of 4 MHz is created by a transducer. What is the fundamental frequency? |
4 MHz |
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Sound with a frequency of 4 MHz is created by a transducer. What is the harmonic frequency? |
8 MHz |
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Nonlinear behavior creates ______________. |
harmonics |
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Where are harmonics created? |
in tissue |
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Sound travels faster in __________________ and slower in ________________. |
faster in compressions slower in rarefactions |
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What nonlinear behavior creates tissue harmonics? |
sound travels faster in compressions and slower in rarefactions |
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What nonlinear behavior creates contrast harmonics? |
microbubbles expanding to a greater extent than they compress |
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Changes in transducer ___________ affect the brightness of an image. |
transducer output |
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What is the only way to improve the signal-to-noise ratio? |
Output Power *increase output power to lower signal-to-noise ratio |
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True/False: The Sonographer is able to adjust Output Power. |
True |
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True/False: Output power alone cannot make an image of uniform brightness from top to bottom. |
True |
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Changes in imaging depth are made by changing the ________ __________ __________. |
Pulse Repetition Period (PRP) *determines maximum imaging depth |
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True/False: Pulse Repetition Frequency and Pulse Repetition Period are reciprocals. |
True *short PRP = high PRF (system spends less time listening) *long PRP = low PRF (system listens for longer) |
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The Sonographer is able to adjust the depth of view by adjusting? |
PRP |
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The shallower an image, the ______________ the listening time, the ______________ the PRP, and the _________ the PRF. |
shorter listening time shorter PRP higher PRF |
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The deeper an image, the ______________ the listening time, the _______________ the PRP, and the ___________ the PRF. |
longer listening time longer PRP lower PRF |
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What creates and distributes the delay patterns for array transducers during transmission? |
Beam Former *steering and focusing |
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What protects the sensitive electrical components in the receiver from the high voltage created during transmission? |
Switch |
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Changes in ____________ or _____________ __________ alter the brightness of an entire image. |
amplification receiver gain |
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True/False: Unlike Output Power, patient exposure levels to ultrasonic energy are not altered when the sonographer changes Amplification. |
True |
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True/False: Proper compensation creates images of uniform brightness at all depths. |
True |
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Attenuation and frequency have a ____________ relationship. |
direct *low frequency = less attenuation *high frequency = greater attenuation |
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The ____________ the transducer frequency, the shallower the depth. |
higher *frequency and depth have an indirect relationship |
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The lower the transducer frequency, the ____________ the depth. |
greater *frequency and depth have an indirect relationship |
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High frequency needs _______ amplification. |
more *frequency has direct relationship w/ amplification |
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__________ frequency needs less amplification. |
low *frequency has direct relationship w/ amplification |
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What does TGC stand for? |
Time Gain Compensation |
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Reject eliminates signal based on ______________. |
Amplitude |
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______________ eliminates signal based on amplitude. |
Reject |
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How does rectification change the form of an electrical signal? |
eliminating/correcting negative voltages |
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Weak reflections are eliminated from the display by using? |
Reject |
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Sonographers are able to adjust the following Receiver functions EXCEPT? Amplification Compensation Compression Demodulation Reject |
Demodulation |
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Which Receiver function makes the entire image brighter or darker? |
Amplification |
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Which Receiver function makes an image uniformly bright from top to bottom? |
Compensation |
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Which Receiver function changes gray scale mapping? |
Compression |
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Which Receiver function has NO EFFECT on the image? |
Demodulation *changes the form of a signal |
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Which Receiver function eliminates weak echoes from an image? |
Reject |
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Which Receiver function processes all signals identically? |
Amplification |
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Which Receiver function processes signals based on reflector depth? |
Compensation |
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Which Receiver function processes signals depending on strength? |
Compression |
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Which Receiver function prepares electrical signals to be suitable for display? |
Demodulation |
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What determines whether to first adjust Output Power or Receiver Gain for patient exposure to ultrasound? |
ALARA *as low as reasonably achievable |
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If an image is too bright, what should be decreased first? |
Output Power |
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If an image is too dark, what should be increased first? |
Receiver Gain |
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True/False: Receiver Gain alters signal-to-noise ratio. |
False *Output Power alters signal-to-noise ratio |
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True/False: Receiver Gain does not change patient exposure. |
True |
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True/False: Low contrast images will have many gray shades. |
True |
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The __________ __________ converts the penetration pattern of ultrasound data into a horizontal pattern. |
Scan Converter |
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Another name used for "image detail" is? |
Spatial Resolution |
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What is the smallest building block of a digital picture? |
pixel |
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Low pixel density creates a ___________ spatial resolution. |
lower |
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_________ pixel density creates a higher spatial resolution. |
High |
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True/False: The fewer pixels or bits, the sharper the image. |
False *the more pixels/bits, the sharper the image |
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True/False: The more bits per pixel, the more shades of gray and improved contrast resolution. |
True |
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Pixels are to Spatial Resolution as Bits are to ____________ _______________. |
contrast resolution |
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True/False: The real world is digital. The computer world is analog. |
False * real world = analog computer world = digital |
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Where does pre-processing and post-processing occur? |
Scan Converter |
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True/False: All post-processing changes can be reversed. |
True |
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Any alterations to a frozen image must be done during ____-____________. |
post-processing |
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___-__________ is the manipulation of image data after storage in the scan converter. |
post-processing |
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___-__________ is the manipulation of data before storge in the scan converter. |
pre-processing |
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___-________ alters image data forever and cannot be reversed or undone. |
pre-processing |
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Write magnification is done during ___-____________ in the scan converter. |
pre-processing |
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Read magnification is done during ___-____________ in the scan converter. |
post-processing |
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True/False: TGC's are an example of pre-processing. |
True |
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___________ magnification rescans a region of interest and creates a new image with increased spatial resolution. |
Write magnification *pre-processing *not from memory |
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________ maginification creates larger pixel size without changing spatial resolution or temporal resolution. |
Read magnification *post-processing *reading what is already in memory |
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_________ magnification improves spatial resolution and temporal resolution. |
Write magnification *pre-processing *not form memory |
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Long complex pulses are used in ______ __________. |
code excitation |
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Spatial Compounding, Frequency Compounding, and Edge Enhancement are all used to? |
better the image |
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_____________ ______________ reduces the shadowing artifact in an image. |
Spatial Compounding |
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Which type of Compounding uses sub-bands to better an image? |
Frequency Compound |
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Temporal Compounding, Fill-in-Interpolation, and Elastography are all used to? |
better the image |
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True/False: Magnetic Media can be erased by strong magnetic fields. |
True |
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The frequency of sound created by the transducer and transmitted into the body, is called? |
Fundamental frequency |
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Twice the fundamental (transducer) frequency and is also known as the second frequency, is? |
Harmonic frequency |
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The image created by processing reflections that have the same frequency as the transmitted sound, is called? |
Fundamental image |
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The image created by processing reflections that are twice the fundamental frequency, is called? |
Harmonic image |
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_____________ imaging creates images from sound reflections with the same frequency as the transducer frequency. |
Fundamental imaging |
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Harmonic frequency sound arises from _______________ behavior. |
nonlinear behavior *irregular |
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The nonlinear behavior of sound propagation as it travels through tissue produces ______________. |
harmonics |
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The stronger the signal, the ____________ the harmonics. |
stronger |
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True/False: Harmonics are produced only in the sound beam's main axis and not in the side lobes. |
True |
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Safe, metabolically inert, long lasting, strong reflector, and small enough to pass through capillaries are the five requirements of? |
Contrast Agents (invasive) |
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True/False: Bubbles are more likely to burst during peak negative pressure (rarefaction) (expansion). |
True |
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The Mechanical Index and frequency have a ____________ relationship. |
indirect |
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The Mechanical Index and the Peak Rarefaction Pressure have a ______________ relationship. |
direct |
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The higher the frequency, the ____________ the Mechanical Index. |
lower *small pressure variation |
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The ___________ the frequency, the lower the Mechanical Index. |
higher *large pressure variation |
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A Mechanical Index of 0.1 to 1.0 has some harmonics, a lower ____________ sound, ___________ behavior, and a ________ beam strength. |
some harmonics lower frequency sound nonlinear behavior higher beam strength *resonance + moderate bubble expansion |
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Which type of harmonics has a stronger signal and is created during reflection off of microbubbles? |
Contrast Harmonics |
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Which type of harmonics has a weaker signal and occurs as sound propagates in tissue? |
Tissue Harmonics |
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What are the major functions of the ultrasound system? (3) |
preparation transmission reception |
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The larger the frequency, the ___________ the focal depth. |
longer |
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True/False: The deeper a scan the more reflections will occur. |
True |
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True/False: Changing the depth of scan also changes the duty factor. |
True |
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True/False: A short pulse is due to more backing material. |
True |
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The shorter the wavelength, the _____________ the frequency. |
larger |
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The longer the wavelength, the ______________ the propagation speed. |
greater |
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True/False: All electronic focusing is done in the near field. |
True |
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True/False: The more severe the curvature, the more superficial the focus. |
True |
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Which component of the ultrasound system transforms electrical energy into acoustic energy during transmission? |
Transducer |
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Which component of the ultrasound system converts returning acoustic energy into electrical energy? |
Transducer |
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Which component of the ultrasound system determines the amplitude, PRP, and PRF? |
Pulser |
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Which component of the ultrasound system determines the firing delay patterns for phased array systems? |
Beam Former *steering and focusing |
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Which component of the ultrasound system transforms the electrical signals from the transducer into a form to display? |
Receiver |
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Which ultrasound system component presents processed data? |
Display |
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Which ultrasound system component maintains and organizes the proper timing and interaction of the systems components? |
Master Synchronizer |
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Increasing the Pulser, ______________ the voltage. |
increases |
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True/False: Pulser and Output power are adjustable by the Sonographer. |
True |
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What creates electrical signals that excite the transducer's PZT crystals and create sound beams? |
Pulser |
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What are the 7 synonyms (aka) for Pulser? |
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What is noise? |
anything that is a signal |
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An increase in Output Power, ___________ the signal-to-noise ratio. |
increases (betters) |
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The most common way to improve (increase) the signal-to-noise ratio, is by? |
increasing Output Power |
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When the signal-to-noise ratio is high, the signal is ____________ than the noise and the image is of high quality. |
stronger |
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When the signal-to-noise ratio is low, the signal strength is ____________ to the noise and the image is of lower quality. |
similar |
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What receives the pulser's single electrical spike and distributes it to the numerous active elements of an array transducer? |
Beam Former *steering and focusing |
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Every electrical spike out of the pulser, receives _______ sound pulse(s). |
one |
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True/False: For every channel (element) there is an electrical spike. |
True *100 channels (elements) = 100 electrical spikes |
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What is the first function of the Receiver? |
Amplification *aka receiver gain |
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True/False: Each signal undergoes an equal amount of amplification. |
True |
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True/False: Each signal gets amplified equally regardless of depth. |
True |
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True/False: Preamplification often occurs within the transducer. |
True |
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The process of improving the quality of a signal before it is amplified is called? |
Preamplification |
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True/False: The longer a signal is in a patient, the more it is attenuated. |
True |
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How does the receiver correct for attenuation due to depth? |
Compensation |
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How does a Sonographer change amplification on the ultrasound machine? |
Receiver Gain |
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How does a Sonographer change Compensation on the ultrasound machine? |
TGC's |
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True/False: TGC's compensate for the attenuation of depth. |
True *equals out signal |
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Which Receiver function does not change the order or eliminating signal, only reduces dynamic range? |
Compression |
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Which receiver function reduces dynamic range by adjusting the gray scale?
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Compression |
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True/False: The Sonographer is able to change Demodulation . |
False *the sonographer does not change demodulation. |
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What are the 2 parts in the process of Demodulation? |
Rectification Smoothing (enveloping) |
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Which Receiver function takes the information from (off of) the electrical signal? |
Demodulation |
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Which Receiver function eliminates signal based on Amplification? |
Reject |
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What effects the image brightness by altering the strength of the sound pulse that the transducer sends to the body? |
Output Power |
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Increasing _________ _________ improves the signal-to-noise ratio. |
Output Power |
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What alters the strength of the voltages in the Receiver that the transducer created during reception? |
Receiver Gain *amplification |
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True/False: Increasing amplification does not alter the signal-to-noise ratio because they are treated identically. |
True |
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True/False: Patient exposure to sound energy is affected by alterations in Output Power, not by Amplification. |
True |
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What translates information from the spoke format into the video format in the ultrasound system? |
Scan Converter |
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What is the smallest part of the screen that we can control? |
Pixel |
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Images with many gray shades have better ___________ resolution. |
contrast resolution |
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True/False: Write magnification rescans only the region of interest and writes new data into the scan converter. |
True |
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Where does Coded Excitation occur? |
in the Pulser |
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The ____________ the frequency, the sharper the image. |
higher frequency |
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Harmonic frequency and Operating frequency are the same thing as _____________ frequency. |
Fundamental frequency |
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_____________ frequency sound waves arise from nonlinear behavior. |
Harmonic frequency |
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Which two forms of harmonics are important in diagnostic sonography? |
tissue harmonics contrast harmonics |
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The stronger the signal, the _____________ the harmonics. |
stronger |
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True/False: Tissue harmonics are created during transmission. |
True |
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True/False: Tissue harmonics are non-invasive, whereas, Contrast harmonics are always invasive. |
True |
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True/False: Contrast harmonics are created during reflection. |
True |
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True/False: The Pulser always pulses electricity, never sound. |
True |
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How does the sonographer control the PRP and PRF? |
Depth |
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Which ultrasound system component forms the beam by steering and focusing? |
Beam Former |
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If there are 100 elements in an array, how many electrical spikes come out of the Beam Former? |
100 electrical spikes |
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Curvature gives the ________ _________. |
Focal depth |
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True/False: If the focal depth is changed the electrical spike pattern changes. |
True *an electrical spike's pattern changes between every single pulse |
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True/False: Every time the direction that you steer and depth of focus changes, the electrical spike pattern changes. |
True |
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True/False: An electrical spike's pattern changes between every single pulse. |
True |
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What percentage of the time is the Transmit/Receive Switch in transmit mode? |
< 1% |
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What percentage of the time is the Transmit/Receive Switch in reception mode? |
> 99% |
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What comes out of the Transmit/Receive Switch when it is in the transmit mode when there are 100 elements in the array? |
100 electrical spikes *creating one sound pulse out of the transducer |
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True/False: For every sound pulse there are many echoes received. |
True |
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What comes out of the transducer into the Transmit/Receive Switch when it is in reception mode for each echo?
|
electrical spikes |
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Where do the electrical spikes go to once they have been received into the Transmit/Receive Switch from the transducer? |
Receiver *where the electrical spikes (signals) are prepared for display |
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What 5 operations occur in the receiver? (ascending order) |
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What converts all negative voltages into positive voltages? |
rectification (demodulation) |
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During amplification what gets amplified? |
everything *ie. noise, sound |
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The only place in the Receiver that eliminates signal is? |
Reject |
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Who/What determines what the correct level of Reject is? |
Sonographer |
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Which ultrasound system component converts the scan and contains the memory block? |
Scan Converter |
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Which ultrasound system component contains the memory block? |
Scan Converter |
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The Scan Converter converts the ____________ scan to a _____________ scan. |
vertical scan horizontal scan |
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Once a scan is converted, where does it go before being displayed? |
Memory Block |
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Before a scan can be displayed from the Memory Block, what needs to establish? |
a complete frame |
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When there is a complete frame in the Memory Block, where does the image go? |
to be displayed *looks like 'real time' |
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True/False: Sound is in the Transmit/Receive Switch. |
False *only electricity |
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How does the Sonographer control the transducer Output? |
by increasing the voltage out of the Pulser to the beam *transducer output power button |
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True/False: Another term used for transducer Output Power is Gain. |
False |
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True/False: If an image is uniformly bright, do not use TGC's to adjust image. |
True |
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True/False: Noise is anything that is NOT signal. |
True |
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__________ the transducers Output Power to lower signal-to-noise ratio
|
Increase |
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True/False: For every electrical spike out of the Pulser, there is one sound pulse that comes out of the transducer. |
True |
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True/False: There is a channel for every element in an array. |
True *100 elements = 100 channels |
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True/False: Echoes come back one at a time to be processed. |
True *if for some reason two came back together they are processed as one |
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If the Receiver Gain is increased, the image will get ____________. |
brighter |
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True/False: Signal-to-noise ratio is improved by increasing the Receiver Gain. |
False |
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True/False: TGC's give uniform brightness. |
True |
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How does the Sonographer adjust the dynamic range? |
adjusting the gray scale |
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True/False: Reject eliminates signal based on frequency. |
False *based on amplitude (signal strength) |
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What are the two other names used for Reject? |
threshold suppression |
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True/False:
If an image is too dark, decreasing the Receiver Gain will make it brighter. |
False *increasing Receiver Gain |
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True/False: If an image is too bright, decreasing Receiver Gain will make it darker. |
False *decrease Output Power |
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True/False: Bistable images are composed of only 2 shades. |
True * -fewer the choices (shades) -smaller the dynamic range -things stand out |
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_________ magnification occurs after the data is stored in the Scan Converter. |
Read magnification *post-processing *reading what is already in memory |
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True/False: Coded excitation is a short pulse wave. |
False *coded excitation is a long pulse wave |
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What improves axial resolution, spatial resolution, and contrast resolution, has deeper penetration and a higher signal-to-noise ratio? |
Coded excitation |
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True/False: Tissue harmonics are created during transmission. |
True |
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Which will give a stronger (better) image, Contrast harmonics or Tissue harmonics? |
Contrast harmonics |
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True/False: The lower the frequency, the higher the Mechanical Index. |
True *more expansion (bubble compression and rarefaction) time is during low frequency |
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True/False: Low mechanical index sound beams do not create harmonics. |
True |
