Physics I, Exam 1

Front 1

A physical property can be observed or measured without changing the

Back 1

chemical makeup of the substance

Front 2

A physical change occurs without producing

Back 2

a new chemical substance

Front 3

Intensive properties

Back 3

do not depend on quantity of material
ex: color

Front 4

Extensive properties

Back 4

depends on amount of material
ex: volume and mass

Front 5

Estimate measurements _____ decimal place(s) past the smallest division.

Back 5

1

Front 6

Signficant figures

Back 6

- all non-zero digits (5,8,2)
- captive zeroes (0.01)
- trailing zeroes if number contains a decimal point (10,000)

Front 7

Exact numbers

Back 7

numbers not obtained using measurement devices, assumed to have infinite number of sig figs

Front 8

For sig figs, when adding keep the smaller number of ____. When multiplying keep the smaller number of _____.

Back 8

decimal places,
sig figs

Front 9

Accuracy

Back 9

agreement between experimental data and "True" value
(hitting the bullseye but not hitting it over and over again)

Front 10

Precision

Back 10

agreement between replicate measurements
(not hitting the bullseye but hitting the same spot over and over)

Front 11

Accuracy is improved by making replicate measurements and taking the _____.

Back 11

average

if measurements are truly random, then half should be too big and half too small - errors should cancel each other out

Front 12

% error =

Back 12

(measured value - true value) / (true value) x 100%

Front 13

More sig figs implies greater _____.

Back 13

precision

Front 14

Precision can be quanitifed by

Back 14

standard deviation

Front 15

Giga

Back 15

G - 10^9

Front 16

Mega

Back 16

M, 10^6

Front 17

Kilo

Back 17

k, 10^3

Front 18

deci

Back 18

d, 10^(-1)

Front 19

centi

Back 19

c, 10^(-2)

Front 20

milli

Back 20

m, 10^(-3)

Front 21

micro

Back 21

mew, 10^ (-6)

Front 22

nano

Back 22

n, 10^(-9)

Front 23

____ is the coldest possible temperature, which we cannot reach.

Back 23

absolute 0 K, -273.15 C, -459.7 F

Front 24

F equation=

Back 24

F=1.8C+32

Front 25

K equation=

Back 25

K=C+273.15

Front 26

Density =

Back 26

mass/volume
usually g/mL

Front 27

density of water

Back 27

1 g/mL

Front 28

Specific gravity

Back 28

density of object/density of water(=1)

Front 29

Pages 1-8 of ppt for algebra problems

Back 29

Pages 1-8 of ppt for algebra problems

Front 30

In international system of units (SI)

Back 30

uses metric system
g, kg, m, sec, K (Temp)

Front 31

____ is the amount of material or matter contained in an object (electrons, protons and neutrons)

Back 31

mass

Front 32

Weight =

Back 32

mass x gravity


mass does not equal weight! (You will have to same mass in space but a much lighter weight)

Front 33

force is measured in

Back 33

newtons, N

Front 34

Pressure is measured in

Back 34

pascals, Pa

Front 35

Dyne

Back 35

basic measurement of force when measuring in small quantities
force required to move a 1 kg object 1 cm in 1 sec

Front 36

Newton

Back 36

the unit of force required to move 1 kg 1 meter in 1 sec
1kg m/s^2

Front 37

Force =

Back 37

mass x acceleration

Front 38

The larger the force, the greater the ______.

Back 38

acceleration

Front 39

Motion takes into consideration what 3 factors

Back 39

speed, velocity, accelleration

Front 40

Density =

Back 40

weight/volume (grams/cm cubed, grams/L)

Front 41

Volume =

Back 41

L x W x H

Front 42

How does specific gravity relate to IA use?

Back 42

tells us whether a gas is heavier than air, and thus can be used for gas inductions by flowing over a pts face because if gas is heavier than air it will pull downward

Front 43

Tool used to measure specific gravity of a fluid

Back 43

hydrometer

Front 44

Pressure

Back 44

force applied over a surface area
P= f/a

Front 45

Pascal (standard unit of pressure) =

Back 45

1 newton/1 square meter

*often described in kilopascals -- 1000 newtons/1 sq meter*

Front 46

Pressure is (inversely/directly) proportional to area.

Back 46

inversely

Front 47

Which exerts greater pressure? a 2 cc syringe or a 20 cc syringe?

Back 47

greater pressure w 2 cc syringe

Front 48

Which syringe would be easier to push a drug into an epidural through? 3 mL or 10 mL?

Back 48

3 mL

Front 49

1 BAR =

Back 49

100 kilopascals = 1 atm = 760 mmHg

Front 50

What is the pressure necessary to support a column of mercury 1 mm in height?

Back 50

1 atm, 760 mmHg

Front 51

Gravitational pull on air molecules gives rise to _____ pressure.

Back 51

atmospheric
*less pressure at top of Mt. Everest because less molecules being pulled onto you*

Front 52

Tool used to measure atmospheric pressure

Back 52

barometer - tube closed at one end and open at the other, filled w mercury (or other high density liquid) and inverted into a large reservoir open to atmosphere -- presure of atm pushes down on surface of mercury reservoir and as air pressure incr it pushes the mercury higher into the column

Front 53

This pressure measurement tool measures pressure differences with a u-shaped tube filled with fluid of a known density such as mercury. One end is connected to the system whose pressure you want to measure and other end is open to atmosphere, difference calculated between height distance

Back 53

manometer
ex: CVP

Front 54

Aneroid bellows gauge does not require the presence of a _____ To operate, and relies on the expansion and contraction of bellows as the ____ Changes, better used when measuring gases.

Back 54

liquid, pressure
*denser the object, less expansion on bellows*

Front 55

If an aneroid bellows gauge is sealed w respect to the atmosphere, it will measure _____. If it is open to the atmosphere it will measure the pressure on the gauge exerted by the substance in relation to ________.

Back 55

absolute pressure,
atmospheric pressure

Front 56

atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure =

Back 56

absolute pressure

Front 57

Atmospheric pressure is lower at _____ altitude and higher at ______ altitude.

Back 57

low at high
high at low

Front 58

Resistance =

Back 58

pressure drop / flow

pressure drop along a tube results in fluid flow

Front 59

The _____ of an IV tube has the least amt of resistance and greatest most laminar flow.

Back 59

center

Front 60

This gauge is used on gas cylinders and is a type of aneroid gauge. It measures the differences between the pressure exerted by the gas in a cylinder and the atmospheric pressure, accomplished by using a coiled tube mechanically coupled to a pointer

Back 60

bourdon gauge

Front 61

How does a bourdon gauge work?

Back 61

as a gas at a pressure above atm pressure enters the coiled tube, it causes the coil to slightly uncoil, thereby causing the pointer to move over a numerical scale indicated the gauge pressure in the tank

Front 62

Manometers use increasing pressure to increase the height of ____.

Back 62

liquid

Front 63

Gravity pulls down a liquid related to its ______.

Back 63

density

more molecules to pull on with greater density

Front 64

The level of fluid equalization in a curved tube (thorpe tube) will equal _____ pressure.

Back 64

atmospheric

Front 65

A full cylinder of O2 has a gauge pressure of _____ psi. An empty cylinder will still contain O2 exerting pressure equal to atmospheric, so even though the gauge reads 0, the actual pressure is still ____.

Back 65

2200 psi, 760 mmHg

Front 66

What is the absolute pressure for a full tank of O2?

Back 66

2200 + 760 = 2960
(gauge pressure+atmospheric pressure)

Front 67

The measurement of blood pressure is ____ pressure + _____ pressure.

Back 67

sphygmomanometer, atmospheric

Front 68

the natural force of attraction exerted by a celestial body, such as earth, upon objects at or near its surface tending to draw them towards the center of the earth is know as?

Back 68

physics

Front 69

the natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them is know as?

Back 69

physics

Front 70

specific gravity expresses the ratio between the ____ of 2 substances. The substance is usually compared to the density of ____ or for gases, the density of _____.

Back 70

densities, water, air

Front 71

What is the formula for specific gravity?

Back 71

specific gravity=
density of a substance/density of water(air)

density of water/air=1

Front 72

all ___ on earth is influenced by gravity therefore, ____ is simply the gravitational force exerted on an object by a much larger object (ie the earth)

Back 72

weight, weight

Front 73

when measuring weight, the magnitude of the weight is measured in newtons. the mass is measures in kilograms. the gravity will be measures using the standardized formula of ___?

Back 73

m/s^2

Front 74

the study of matter composition, properties and behavior at the atomic and molecular level is?

Back 74

chemistry

Front 75

the study of motion, matter and energy interaction is?

Back 75

physics
"the study of physics investigates the behavior of atoms and molecules that make up elements of matter"

Front 76

Physics is a fundamental science that uses ______ as its tool set.

Back 76

mathematics

Front 77

physics is based on the work of ______ who formulated three laws of motion.

Back 77

Isaac Newton

Front 78

Physics helps us understand the (3)?

Back 78

-regulation of gases
-the breathing process
-the flow of energy

Front 79

Work is measured in ____.

Back 79

joules

Front 80

what is the formula for WORK?

Back 80

work= force x distance

Front 81

if there is no ____ no work is done. if there is no ____ no work is done.

Back 81

force
distance moved

Front 82

A joule is defined as?

Back 82

when a force of 1 newton is acted over a displacement of 1 meter
-A force is 1 newton
-distance=1 meter
-1 joule= 1Nx m

Front 83

energy is the capacity to do ____?

Back 83

work

Front 84

energy is neither _____ nor ____ but can be converted to other kinds of energy.

Back 84

created nor destroyed

Front 85

Kinetic energy is the energy a mass has by being in _____?

Back 85

motion

Front 86

KE=

Back 86

KE= 1/2mv^2
(m=mass v=velocity)

Front 87

potential energy is energy that is being ____ by virtue of its position.

Back 87

stored
*ball of a ledge has more potential energy than a ball on the floor*

Front 88

_____ is the rate of doing work or the rate of expending energy.

Back 88

power

Front 89

Power=

Back 89

Power= work/unit of time

Front 90

Because work= force x distance we know...power=

Back 90

power= force x distance/ time

Front 91

The watt is a measure of ____

Back 91

power
- 1 watt= a joule/second

Front 92

Newtons First Law...?

Back 92

an object at rest or moving at a constant speed will continue in that state unless acted upon by external forces (stops b/c of resistance secondary to friction)

Front 93

Newtons Second Law...?

Back 93

Force is equal to mass times acceleration
F=ma
*you have to push harder to get a bigger object to move*

Front 94

Newtons Third Law?

Back 94

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Front 95

_____ is the study of energy and the conversion of energy from one form to another.

Back 95

thermodynamics

Front 96

Heat spontaneously flows from a hot body to a cold body when two bodies are brought into thermal contact is?

Back 96

second law of thermodynamics
*when you put a warm blanket on someone, the heat leaves the blanket to the person, not the cold leaving the person to the blanket*

Front 97

it is not possible to lower the temperature of an object to absolute zero is?

Back 97

the third law of thermodynamics

Front 98

____ is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a system.

Back 98

internal energy

Front 99

____ is the energy that is transferred as a result of a temperature difference.

Back 99

heat

Front 100

temperature of an ideal gas is proportional to the?

Back 100

average kinetic energy of the particles

Front 101

Heat loss is _____-from higher to lower concentration

Back 101

unidirectional (2nd law of thermodynamics)

Front 102

heat loss occurs in cool environments such as _________?

Back 102

operating rooms

Front 103

what are the two protective mechanisms of heat loss?

Back 103

-vasocontriction
-shivering

Front 104

What are the mechanisms of heat transfer from pts to the OR environment?

Back 104

-radiation (40%)
-convection (30%)
-evaporation (20%)
-conduction (10%)

Front 105

what is radiation?

Back 105

transfer of heat from warmer to cooler areas- no contact (pt to OR environment)

Front 106

what is convection?

Back 106

transfer of heat by OR air currents

Front 107

what is evaporation?

Back 107

transfer of heat through humidity (water vapor)

Front 108

what is conduction?

Back 108

transfer of heat from one molecule to another-direct contact...pt laying on OR table

Front 109

heat is the amount of ____ that is transferred as a result of temperature _____.

Back 109

energy
differences

Front 110

the temperature of an ideal gas is proportional to the average ____ ____ of the molecules in the gas.

Back 110

kinetic energy

Front 111

_____ ____ is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius

Back 111

specific heat

Front 112

what is the specific heat of water

Back 112

1 calories/gram

Front 113

a calorie = ____ joules

Back 113

4.186

Front 114

Celsius to Kelvin conversion

Back 114

K= C+273

Front 115

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion?

Back 115

F=9/5(C)+32

Front 116

Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion?

Back 116

C=5/9 (F-32)

Front 117

Pressure=

Back 117

Pressure= Force/unit area

Front 118

a force is a ?

Back 118

push or pull
-gravitational force
-electromagnetic force

Front 119

1 atmosphere =

Back 119

760 torr= 760 mmHg or 101,325 pascals (about 101 kPa)

Front 120

vaporization is the process of converting _____ into _____.

Back 120

liquids into vapors

Front 121

_____ is the primary process used to vaporize liquids.

Back 121

evaporation

Front 122

as gas molecules escape a liquid, they exert a pressure above the liquid known as the ____ ____ of the liquid at equilibrium.

Back 122

vapor pressure

Front 123

The vapor pressure of isoflurane?

Back 123

238 mmHg

Front 124

the vapor pressure of sevoflurane?

Back 124

160 mmHg

Front 125

the vapor pressure of desflurane?

Back 125

660 mmHg

Front 126

if you put iso (higher VP) into a sevo (lower VP) calibrated vaporizer, what will happen?

Back 126

at the same temp more vapr of iso will vaporize than of sevo...overdose the patient

Front 127

what is the standard molar volume?

Back 127

22.414 L

Front 128

what is the standard temperature

Back 128

0 C or 273 K

Front 129

liquids and gases are?

Back 129

fluids

Front 130

Density =

Back 130

Density= mass/volume

Front 131

____ is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow.

Back 131

viscosity

Front 132

Flow rate=

Back 132

flow rate= volume/unit time

Front 133

the higher the viscosity, the _____ the flow rate of the fluid.

Back 133

lower

Front 134

the higher the density of the gas, the greater tendency towards ____ flow.

Back 134

turbulent
-helium gas = laminar flow
=sulfur hexafluoride gas = turbulent flow

Front 135

______ ____ is the steady flow of a gas in which the velocities of all the particles on any given streamline are the same. the particles of different streamlines may move at different speeds.

Back 135

laminar flow

Front 136

What is Poiseuille's Equation for laminar flow?

Back 136

Flow Rate=V/T= (P1-P2)PieR^4/8nL
V= volume, T=unit time
P1-P2= pressure gradient
R=radius, n=viscosity of gas/liquid
L=length of tube

Front 137

-if you increase your radius, you _____ your flow
-if you increase your viscosity, you ___ your flow
-if you increase your length, you ___ your flow

Back 137

-increase
-decrease
-decrease

Front 138

if viscosity doubles, flow is?

Back 138

halved

Front 139

_____ ____ is the type of flow where the speed and direction of the gas particles passing any point varies with time.

Back 139

turbulent flow

Front 140

at turbulent flow, ____ is higher than for a similar laminar flow.

Back 140

resistance

Front 141

in turbulent flow: flow (is/is not) directly proportional to pressure as it is in laminar flow

Back 141

is not

Front 142

as gas density ____ the tendency toward turbulent flow increases

Back 142

increases

Front 143

the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow is dependent upon flow velocity, tube radius, density and viscosity is?

Back 143

reynolds number

Front 144

if reynolds number is <2000 flow tends to be?

Back 144

laminar

Front 145

if reynolds number is >2000 flow tends to be?

Back 145

turbulent

Front 146

gas flow is laminar in____ airways and turbulent in _____airways.

Back 146

smaller
larger

Front 147

what is reynolds number?

Back 147

Re= v x 2r x D/n
v=gas velocity
r= tube radius
D=gas density
n=gas viscosity