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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the equation for wave speed |
Wave speed (m/s)=Frequency (Hz) x Wave length (m) |
triangle: (N)SFW S F W |
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What is the equation for power/energy? |
Power (W)= Energy transferred (J)/Time (s) |
triangle: ETP (islamaphobe: Eat The Pig) |
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What is the equation for efficiency (useful energy)? |
Efficiency=Useful energy (J)/Total energy (J) |
U/T U comes before T in UTI |
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What is the equation for charge? (electricity) |
Charge (C)=Current (A) x Time (S) |
triangle: Cat And Sam C A S |
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What is the equation for Voltage/Potential difference? |
Voltage=Current (A) x Resistance (ohm symbol) |
triangle: VCR (those old recorders) V C R |
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What is the equation for power (electricity)? |
Power (W)= Current (A) x Voltage/potential difference (V) |
triangle: PCV (penis cuts vagina) P CV |
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What is the equation for energy? |
Energy (J)= Power (W) x Time (S) |
triangle: EPT (End Pig Testing) E PT |
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What are the main groups of the electromagnetic spectrum? |
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma-rays |
Read My Information Visibly Until Xylophones Go |
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What range of the EM spectrum can our eyes detect? |
Our eyes can only detect a very limited range of frequencies in the EM spectrum called visible light |
only vi |
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What speed do all types of EM radiation travel through space with? |
The same very high speed equal to the speed of light |
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When are radio waves produced? |
When there is an oscillating current eg. AC in an electrical circuit |
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What are the effects of exposure to ionising radiation (high energy, ultraviolet, X rays and gamma rays)? |
-Exposure to large amounts of ionising radiation can damage/kill living cells -Smaller amounts can cause changes to cells which may make them grow in an uncontrolled way, causing cancer |
dam kil cel gro unc way |
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What does the ozone layer do to harmful ultraviolet radiation? |
The ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation and protects living organisms, especially animals |
ab pro |
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What is the reversible reaction for o2 and ozone absorbing uv radiation? |
3O2🔛2O3 |
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How are electrons arranged? |
-They are arranged at different distances (orbitals) from the nucleus -The arrangements of these electrons may change when electromagnetic radiation is emitted and absorbed |
dif orb fro nuc arr cha wh em emi/abs |
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When are radio waves detected? |
When these radio waves cause an oscillating current in a conductor eg. aerial/antenna |
r wav cau a osc |
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Which objects emit EM radiation? |
All objects emit EM radiation: the hotter the body, the higher the principal frequency of EM |
➕🔥-📈prin freq o |
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Why must developments in the use of EM radiation in technology be evaluated? |
Developments in the use of EM radiation in technology must be evaluated for the -potential risks as well as benefits- |
pros + cons |
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What should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies? |
Data and scientific explanations of mechanisms and not opinions should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies |
facts/ops |
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What does the temperature of a body depend on? |
The temperature of a body depends on the -balance between radiation absorbed and radiation transmitted- |
rad ab+trans |
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Explain the greenhouse effect |
-The sun (very hot) emits high frequency EM radiation, mostly UV, visible light and IR -The earth’s atmosphere allows some of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun to pass through -This radiation warms the Earth’s surface when absorbed -The earth (cooler) emits IR radiation (low frequency) which is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, this keeps the Earth warmer than it would be otherwise and is known as the greenhouse effect |
Sun- emits high freq rad some radiation passes through warms earth Earth- low freq IR rad, abs+rem |
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What are the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere? |
-The main greenhouse gas is Co2 which is present in very small amounts -Other greenhouse gases include methane, also present in very small amounts and water vapour |
c m w big 3 |
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What has happened to co2 levels and why? |
In the past 200 years, the amount of co2 in the atmosphere had been steadily rising due to burning more fossil fuels for energy and deforestation to clear land |
📈 |
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Why must developments in the use of EM radiation in technology be evaluated? |
Developments in the use of EM radiation in technology must be evaluated for the -potential risks as well as benefits- |
pros + cons |
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What should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies? |
Data and scientific explanations of mechanisms and not opinions should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies |
facts/ops |
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What does the temperature of a body depend on? |
The temperature of a body depends on the -balance between radiation absorbed and radiation transmitted- |
rad ab+trans |
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Explain the greenhouse effect |
-The sun (very hot) emits high frequency EM radiation, mostly UV, visible light and IR -The earth’s atmosphere allows some of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun to pass through -This radiation warms the Earth’s surface when absorbed -The earth (cooler) emits IR radiation (low frequency) which is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, this keeps the Earth warmer than it would be otherwise and is known as the greenhouse effect |
Sun- emits high freq rad some radiation passes through warms earth Earth- low freq IR rad, abs+rem |
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What are the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere? |
-The main greenhouse gas is Co2 which is present in very small amounts -Other greenhouse gases include methane, also present in very small amounts and water vapour |
c m w big 3 |
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What has happened to co2 levels and why? |
In the past 200 years, the amount of co2 in the atmosphere had been steadily rising due to burning more fossil fuels for energy and deforestation to clear land |
📈 |
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Does data prove global warming? |
-Data shows a positive correlation between the increase in greenhouse gases and the increase in temperature of the earth- global warming -This is supported by a scientific explanation (greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit IR radiation) -Computer climate models provide evidence that human activities are causing global warming. As more data is collected these models are improved + give better predictions |
+ cor sci ex com cli mo-hum act |
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Why must developments in the use of EM radiation in technology be evaluated? |
Developments in the use of EM radiation in technology must be evaluated for the -potential risks as well as benefits- |
pros + cons |
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What should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies? |
Data and scientific explanations of mechanisms and not opinions should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies |
facts/ops |
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What does the temperature of a body depend on? |
The temperature of a body depends on the -balance between radiation absorbed and radiation transmitted- |
rad ab+trans |
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Explain the greenhouse effect |
-The sun (very hot) emits high frequency EM radiation, mostly UV, visible light and IR -The earth’s atmosphere allows some of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun to pass through -This radiation warms the Earth’s surface when absorbed -The earth (cooler) emits IR radiation (low frequency) which is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, this keeps the Earth warmer than it would be otherwise and is known as the greenhouse effect |
Sun- emits high freq rad some radiation passes through warms earth Earth- low freq IR rad, abs+rem |
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What are the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere? |
-The main greenhouse gas is Co2 which is present in very small amounts -Other greenhouse gases include methane, also present in very small amounts and water vapour |
c m w big 3 |
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What has happened to co2 levels and why? |
In the past 200 years, the amount of co2 in the atmosphere had been steadily rising due to burning more fossil fuels for energy and deforestation to clear land |
📈 |
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Does data prove global warming? |
-Data shows a positive correlation between the increase in greenhouse gases and the increase in temperature of the earth- global warming -This is supported by a scientific explanation (greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit IR radiation) -Computer climate models provide evidence that human activities are causing global warming. As more data is collected these models are improved + give better predictions |
+ cor sci ex com cli mo-hum act |
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Define what is meant by amplitude? |
The distance from the centre line to the top of the crest/bottom of a trough (measured in meters) |
dis - to t c or b t |
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Why must developments in the use of EM radiation in technology be evaluated? |
Developments in the use of EM radiation in technology must be evaluated for the potential risks as well as benefits |
pros + cons |
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What should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies? |
Data and scientific explanations of mechanisms and NOT opinions should be used to justify decisions about the use of new technologies |
facts/ops |
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What does the temperature of a body depend on? |
The temperature of a body depends on the balance between radiation absorbed and radiation transmitted |
rad ab+trans |
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Explain the greenhouse effect |
-The sun (very hot) emits high frequency EM radiation, mostly UV, visible light and IR -The earth’s atmosphere allows some of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun to pass through -This radiation warms the Earth’s surface when absorbed -The earth (cooler) emits IR radiation (low frequency) which is absorbed and re-emitted in all directions by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, this keeps the Earth warmer than it would be otherwise and is known as the greenhouse effect |
Sun- emits high freq rad some radiation passes through warms earth Earth- low freq IR rad, abs+rem |
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What are the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere? |
-The main greenhouse gas is Co2 which is present in very small amounts -Other greenhouse gases include methane, also present in very small amounts and water vapour |
c m w big 3 |
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What has happened to co2 levels and why? |
In the past 200 years, the amount of co2 in the atmosphere had been steadily rising due to burning more fossil fuels for energy and deforestation to clear land |
📈 |
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Does data prove global warming? |
-Data shows a positive correlation between the increase in greenhouse gases and the increase in temperature of the earth- global warming -This is supported by a scientific explanation (greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit IR radiation) -Computer climate models provide evidence that human activities are causing global warming. As more data is collected these models are improved + give better predictions |
+ cor sci ex com cli mo-hum act |
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Define what is meant by amplitude? |
The distance from the centre line to the top of the crest/bottom of a trough (measured in meters) |
dis - to t c or b t |
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What is meant by the frequency of the wave? |
The number of complete cycles of a wave passing a certain point per second (measured in hertz -Hz-) |
comp cy pas cer poi sec |
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What is meant by the term wavelength? |
The distance from any point on one wave to the same point on the next wave along (can be measured in meters) |
any p to next p |
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What is meant by the period of a wave? |
The time it takes to complete one cycle/oscillation (measured in seconds) |
ti for 1 osc |
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What is a wave? |
A wave is a regular disturbance that transfers energy in the direction that the wave travels, without transferring matter |
reg dis- tran ene w/o tran mat |
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What is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves? |
-Vibrations of a transverse waves are perpendicular to the wave’s direction of travel -Vibrations of a longitudinal wave are parallel to the wave’s direction of travel |
vib to dir tra |
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(TS) What can the surface of material do to a wave? What does this depend on? |
-It can transmit, absorb or reflect a wave -Which of these happens depends both on the material and on the wavelength of a wave |
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(TS) What does the arrow on the (incident and reflected) ray show? |
The arrow shows the direction of the ray |
di ra |
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(TS) What is the dotted line between the incident ray and the reflected ray called? |
The normal |
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(TS) What is the angle of incidence? |
The angle between the incident ray and the normal |
inc nor |
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What is the relationship between the angle of reflection and angle of incidence? |
The angle of reflection=The angle of incidence |
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(TS) Where should the normal be drawn? |
At a right angle to the surface of the mirror |
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Waves travel in... |
Different substances at different speeds, these speeds may vary with wavelength |
di su di sp var w/wav |
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(TS) What does the arrow on the (incident and reflected) ray show? |
The arrow shows the direction of the ray |
di ra |
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(TS) What is the dotted line between the incident ray and the reflected ray called? |
The normal |
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(TS) What is the angle of incidence? |
The angle between the incident ray and the normal |
inc nor |
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What is the relationship between the angle of reflection and angle of incidence? |
The angle of reflection=The angle of incidence |
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(TS) Where should the normal be drawn? |
At a right angle to the surface of the mirror |
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Waves travel in... |
Different substances at different speeds, these speeds may vary with wavelength |
di su di sp var w/wav |
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Which waves are transverse? |
All electromagnetic waves, including light, are transverse |
em |
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(TS) What are the main features of our solar system? |
The sun, the eight planets, some minor planets and the satellites of the planets |
min pla + sat o pla |
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(TS) What was our solar system formed from? |
Dust and gas drawn together by gravity |
what comes out of ur box |
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(TS) Explain how the sun was formed |
The sun was formed when collapsing cloud of dust and gas resulted in fusion reactions, leading to an equilibrium between gravitational collapse and expansion due to the fusion energy |
col of ☁️+💨=fus r=eq bet gra col + exp coz of fus ene |
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(TS) Explain the red shift of light from galaxies which are receding |
When we look at light from the most distant galaxies, we find that the wavelengths are all longer than they should be, they are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. This is red shift. |
most dis gal-wav ar lon, shif tow r: red shift |
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(TS) What are the similarities between the planets, their moons and artificial satellites? |
-All orbit a larger object -(Moons and artificial satellites) Moons are also satellites (but natural) and artificial satellites tend to also orbit planets (usually earth) |
orb m+a=pla sat |
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What are the differences between the planets, their moons and artificial satellites? |
Planets: (large objects that) orbit a star, the sun. Natural Moons: orbit planets. Natural Artificial satellites: (object that) orbits a second, larger object (usually the earth). Man-made
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n or m orb dif obj |
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What are the differences between the planets, their moons and artificial satellites? |
Planets: (large objects that) orbit a star, the sun. Natural Moons: orbit planets. Natural Artificial satellites: (object that) orbits a second, larger object (usually the earth). Man-made
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n or m orb dif obj |
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Define velocity |
The speed of an object in a given direction |
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(TS) What are the differences between the planets, their moons and artificial satellites? |
Planets: (large objects that) orbit a star, the sun. Natural Moons: orbit planets. Natural Artificial satellites: (object that) orbits a second, larger object (usually the earth). Man-made
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n or m orb dif obj |
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(TS) Define velocity |
The speed of an object in a given direction |
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(TS) Explain (for circular orbits) how the force of gravity can lead to a changing velocity of a planet but unchanged speed |
Velocity is the speed of an object in a given direction whereas speed is a scaler quantity. In circular orbits, the force of gravity is leading to a change in velocity (as the direction is always changing) but NOT a change in speed as speed does not account for change in direction |
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(TS) How is an image formed by a lens? |
When all the light rays from a certain point on an object come together, or appear to come together at another point |
all lig com tog or ap at ano poi |
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(TS) What are the differences between concave (diverging) and convex (converging) lenses? |
-Concave lens caves inwards, convex lens bulges outwards -Concave causes parallel rays of light to diverge (spread out), convex causes parallel rays of light to converge (be brought together) |
shape and causes parallel rays of light to... |
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Define the term ‘focal length’ |
Focal length: the distance from the lens to the principal focus |
len-pri foc |
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Define the term ‘focal length’ |
Focal length: the distance from the lens to the principal focus |
len-pri foc |
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(TS) Define the term ‘focal length’ |
Focal length: the distance from the lens to the principal focus |
len-pri foc |
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(TS) A convex lens is thicker... |
in the centre than the edges |
eye shape |
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Define the term ‘principal focus’ (focal point) |
Principal focus: the point where rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis all meet |
ray hit par to ax all m |
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(TS) Define the term ‘focal length’ |
Focal length: the distance from the lens to the principal focus |
len-pri foc |
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(TS) A convex lens is thicker... |
in the centre than the edges |
eye shape |
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(TS) Define the term ‘principal focus’ (focal point) |
Principal focus: the point where rays hitting the lens parallel to the axis all meet |
ray hit par to ax all m |
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(TS) A concave lens is thicker... |
at the edges than the centre |
like a vase or champagne flute |
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The light rays only appear... |
to be coming from the principal focus |
origins island gyal |
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(TS) The light rays only appear... |
to be coming from the principal focus |
origins island gyal |
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Explain what happens when an object emits EM radiation |
When an object (the source) emits EM radiation, the radiation is absorbed and transfers energy to other objects |
rad abs tran ene to oth ob |
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Explain what happens when an object emits EM radiation |
When an object (the source) emits EM radiation, the radiation is absorbed and transfers energy to other objects |
rad abs tran ene to oth ob |
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Explain what happens when EM radiation is absorbed |
When EM radiation is absorbed, it ceases to exist as radiation and usually heats the absorber. |
ceas 2 ex as rad hea abs-er (usually) |
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Explain what happens to the intensity of radiation |
The intensity of radiation decreases away from the source as it spreads out and is absorbed by objects in its path. |
inten dec awa fro sou as it spre out, is abs by obj in path |
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Explain what happens to the intensity of radiation |
The intensity of radiation decreases away from the source as it spreads out and is absorbed by objects in its path. |
inten dec awa fro sou as it spre out, is abs by obj in path |
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What travels in both ripples on water surfaces and sound waves in air? |
The wave and energy travel and not the water or air |
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What travels in both ripples on water surfaces and sound waves in air? |
The wave and energy travel and not the water or air |
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Which waves are longitudinal? |
Sound waves |
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What is refraction related to? |
Refraction is related to differences in the speed of the waves in different substances |
dif in spe of wav in dif sub |
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List ways in which energy can be stored |
A limited number of ways including chemical, nuclear, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, electrostatic and electromagnetic |
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List ways in which energy can be stored |
A limited number of ways including chemical, nuclear, kinetic, gravitational, elastic, thermal, electrostatic and electromagnetic |
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How can energy be transferred? |
Energy can be transferred from one to another by processes called working and heating |
wor + hea |
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How is energy (in chemical stores in batteries or at fuels at the power station) transferred? |
By an electric current, doing work on domestic devises eg. motors or heaters |
elec cur doi wor on dom dev |
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How is energy (in chemical stores in batteries or at fuels at the power station) transferred? |
By an electric current, doing work on domestic devises eg. motors or heaters |
elec cur doi wor on dom dev |
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Why is electricity a convenient way to transfer energy from source to consumer? |
Electricity is a convenient way to transfer energy from source to the consumer because it is easily transmitted over distances and can be used to do work in many ways eg. motors and cookers |
eas tran o dis can be use to do wor eg. mot |
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What is the power of an appliance or device? |
A measure of the amount of energy it transfers each second |
mea o amo o ene tran per sec |
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What is current? |
Current: the rate of flow of charge |
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What is the equation for average speed? |
Average speed (m/s)=Distance (m)/Time (s) |
without average |
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What is the equation for average speed? |
Average speed (m/s)=Distance (m)/Time (s) |
without average |
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What is the equation for average speed? |
Average speed (m/s)=Distance (m)/Time (s) |
without average |
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What is the equation for acceleration? |
Acceleration (m/s^2)= Change in speed (m/s)/Time (s) |
cha spe |
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Equation for Force |
Force (N)= Mass (kg) x Aceleration (m/s^2) |
F AM |
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Example of an object that emits infrared radiation |
An ice cube |
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Equation for Force |
Force (N)= Mass (kg) x Aceleration (m/s^2) |
F AM |
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Example of an object that emits infrared radiation |
An ice cube |
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The current is 2A at one bulb in a series circuit. What is the current in the second bulb? |
2A, current is the same everywhere in series |
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Describe the orbit of an artificial satellite |
It is a circular orbit |
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(TS) Describe the orbit of an artificial satellite |
It is a circular orbit |
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(TS) What makes microwaves suitable for sending communications to a satellite in space? |
They can travel through the atmosphere without being refracted |
tra thr atm w/o bei ref |
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(TS) What event leads to a neutron star forming? |
Super nova explosion |
sup nov |
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(TS) If an alternating current is created by radio waves what frequency would it have? |
The same frequency as the radio waves that cause oscillating currents |
sam |
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(TS) If an alternating current is created by radio waves what frequency would it have? |
The same frequency as the radio waves that cause oscillating currents |
sam |
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(TS) How can you tell which is red shift and which is blue shift? |
Red shift=moving away Blue shift=moving closer |
r awa b clo |
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(TS) How can you tell which is red shift and which is blue shift? |
Red shift=moving away Blue shift=moving closer |
r awa b clo |
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Describe how a star is formed |
-A cloud of dust and gas (a nebula) becomes a pro star, which goes on to become a main sequence star -After this, stars develop in different ways depending on their size (left hand path, stars in similar size to sun or right hand path, stars larger than sun) |
neb-pro-main-R or L |
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(TS) How can you tell which is red shift and which is blue shift? |
Red shift=moving away Blue shift=moving closer |
r awa b clo |
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(TS) Describe how a star is formed |
-A cloud of dust and gas (a nebula) becomes a pro star, which goes on to become a main sequence star -After this, stars develop in different ways depending on their size (left hand path, stars in similar size to sun or right hand path, stars larger than sun) |
neb-pro-main-R or L |
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(TS) Explain how atoms of the element (He) are formed in a star |
The process of nuclear fusion forces hydrogen atoms together, transforming them into heavier metals eg. helium, carbon and oxygen |
nuc fus for hyd tog, tran int hea met (he) |
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(TS) The higher the frequency of a sound the... |
higher the pitch will be |
_____ perfect |
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(TS) The higher the frequency of a sound the... |
higher the pitch will be |
_____ perfect |
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(TS) Which force causes the gas and dust in the nebula to collapse? |
Gravity |
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(TS) Explain nuclear fusion (fusion of hydrogen) |
Nuclear fusion happens in the core of the protostar, causing it to glow and produce a large, outward radiation pressure force |
cor o prot cau to glo + pro lar out rad pre for |
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(TS) When is it estimated that the big bang occurred? |
13.5-15 billion years ago |
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(TS) What caused the big bang? |
The big bang was caused by the release of energy |
rel o en |
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(TS) What does an asteroid do? |
An asteroid separates inner and outer planets |
sep in + out pla |
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(TS) When are neutron stars formed? |
Neutron stars are formed when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse |
g 🌟💀 cor col |
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(TS) What is the relationship between temperature and pressure? |
Temperature increases of pressure increases |
temp 👆 if pre 👆 |
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(TS) Define acceleration |
Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity |
ch o vel |
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(TS) Define displacement |
Displacement: distance moved in a specified direction |
dis mov in spe dir |
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(TS) Name all 4 inner planets |
Mercury, venus, earth, mars |
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(TS) Name all 4 outer planets |
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
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(TS) Planets closer to the sun move... |
Faster |
🎶coz i’m moving .............. than boys🎶 |
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(TS) What is centripetal force? |
Centripetal force: the force that keeps an object moving in a certain way |
kee obj mov in cer way |
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What is the difference between speed and velocity? |
-Speed is a scaler quantity, velocity is a vector quantity -Speed only accounts for magnitude, velocity accounts for both magnitude and direction |
villain from despicable me movie 1 |
