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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three types of radiation |
Alpha Beta Gamma |
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What is ionisation |
The gain or removal of electrons from a particle |
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What are atoms made up of |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
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What is a alpha particle and what is it identical to what |
2 protons 2 neutrons a helium nucleus |
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What stops alpha radiation |
Paper |
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What the relative formula mass to a proton |
4 |
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What is its charge (alpha) |
2+ |
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What is the ionisation of alpha radiation |
High |
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What is beta |
A fast moving electron |
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What stops the penetration of beta |
Aluminium |
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What is the relative formula mass of beta |
Very small mass |
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What is betas charge |
1- |
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What is the ionisation power of beta |
Medium |
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What is gamma radiation |
A electromagnetic wave |
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What stops the penetration of gamma |
Thick Lead |
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What is the relative mass to a proton and charge of gamma |
0 mass And no charge because it is a wave |
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What is the ionisation power of gamma |
Weak |
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Why is ionisation harmful |
It damages living cells increasing the risk of cancer |
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Which property of radiation is responsible for Ionisation |
When alpha and beta particles collide with or come close to other atoms they tend to pull electrons off this makes ions |
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Equation symbol for beta |
0 e -1 |
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Which type of radiation is the most penetrating |
Gamma is the most penetrating |
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Symbol equation for alpha |
4 x 2 |
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For beta decay what happens |
One neutron splits to become a proton and an electron The electron is then ejected |
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What is half life |
the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to halve |
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What is the count rate |
Is the number of atoms decaying per minute |
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What is background radiation and where does it come from |
It is ionising radiation that is always present in the environment Most is released by radioactive substances in soil and rocks and cosmic rays from outer space |
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Why does background radiation vary |
It varies from place to place as there is difference types of rock and sources it come from in different places in the world |
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Two sources of man made background radiation |
Waste products from hospitals Waste products from nuclear bomb testing |
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Name a radioactive material used in smoke alarms |
Americium-241 an alpha source to detect smoke |
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Remover the labels of the smoke detector diagram |
Back (Definition) |
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How does a smoke alarm work stage one |
Alpha particles pass between two charged metal plates Causing the air particles to split Then the ions are attracted to the oppositely charged plate causing current to flow |
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How does a smoke alarm work stage two |
When the smoke enters between the plates some of the alpha particles are absorbed causing less ionisation to take place This means smaller than usual current flows sounding the alarm |
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Three industrial examples of uses of tracers |
Track speed of waste Find routes of underground pipes Find leaks and blockages of underground pipes |
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How can tracer detect a leak of a pipe underground |
A radioactive material (the tracer) is out in a pipe that gives off gamma rays A detector is moved along the ground above the pipe. The leak is located where there's an increase in activity and little or no activity after that point. |
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What radioactive isotope is used for dating |
Carbon-14 |
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How can carbon-14 be used to date previous living things |
All living things have a small number of carbon-14 in them and when they die no new carbon-14 is taken in The carbon-14 obtained by organism decays over a long time So by measuring the amount of carbon-14 left in organism it can be used to give a rough estimate of when it does |
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What is used to date rocks |
Uranium |
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How can uranium be used to date rocks |
Some rocks contain traces of uranium. Uranium has a very long half-life and so by measuring how much uranium is left in a rock its approximate age can be worked out |
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Why is gamma used to treat cancer |
A high powered Gamma radiation can be used to destroy a tumour |
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Why is gamma radiation rotated round the patient with tumour at centre |
It is rotated slowly with tumour at centre to hit all sides also so that the wide beam of gamma radiation is focused on the tumour |
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What is done to minimise hit of healthy tissue |
Tumour is at centre to minimise the amount of Ray's hitting healthy tissue around the tumour |
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Why is medical equipment exposed to gamma radiation before being used to treat patients |
Because gamma radiation kills bacteria so it is used to sterilise hospital equipment to prevent spread of disease |
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How are X-rays generated |
X-rays are manufactured by an X-ray machine. A hot cathode emits electrons that are attracted to a tungsten anode. When the fast-moving electrons hit the target, most of their kinetic energy is transferred to heat but some is transferred to X-rays. |
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Why is more than one gamma beam used to treat tumours |
Tumours are treated with more than one beam of gamma rays because very few non-cancerous cells are killed. |
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What is a medical tracer |
A radioactive tracer is used to investigate a patient’s body without the need for invasive surgery. |
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Explain why gamma and sometimes beta emitters can be used as tracer in the body |
The radioactive material is given enough time to move around the body before a radiographer positions a detector outside the body which can produce a picture of the patient’s internal organs. |
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What does the word fission mean |
Splitting |
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What does the word fission mean |
Splitting |
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Why is fusion an unlikely source of energy on an industrial scale |
As the temperatures needed are two high |
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Which out of alpha beta and gamma is the most ionising |
Alpha |
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When a alpha particle decays what happens |
When a alpha particle is emitted from a nucleus that nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons |
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When a alpha particle decays what happens |
When a alpha particle is emitted from a nucleus that nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons |
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What happens in beta decay |
A neutron changes into a proton plus an electron The electron is emitted with high energy |
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Which two isotopes are usually used as fuel in nuclear reactors |
Uranium Plutonium |
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Which two isotopes are usually used as fuel in nuclear reactors |
Uranium Plutonium |
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When uranium-235 or plutonium-239 nucleus is hit by a neutron what following three things happen |
The nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei -which are radioactive Two or three more neutrons are released Some energy is released |
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What 2 physical conditions are needed for fusion to occur |
Needs high temperatures of several million degrees Need high pressure |
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What 2 physical conditions are needed for fusion to occur |
Needs high temperatures of several million degrees Need high pressure |
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What is the symbol equation of fusion |
1. 2. 3 H. + H ➡️ He 1. 1. 2 |
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What 2 physical conditions are needed for fusion to occur |
Needs high temperatures of several million degrees Need high pressure |
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What is the symbol equation of fusion |
1. 2. 3 H. + H ➡️ He 1. 1. 2 |
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Describe some disadvantages of using nuclear power stations |
It produces radioactive waste Nuclear power when unstable is extremely dangerous |
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A nuclear reactor is designed to allow what |
A controlled chain reaction to take place |
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Each time a uranium nucleus splits up it releases energy and three neutrons if all neutrons were allowed to be absorbed by uranium the nuclei chain reaction will spin out of control and cause a what and to control the energy released what is done |
Explosion In the nuclear reactor moveable control rods are placed between the fuel rods |
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Why is cold fusion rejected |
The scientific community still rejects fleischman and pons results as many attempts to reproduce there results have failed |
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What is formed when two hydrogen nuclei collide in a fusion reaction |
Helium-3 |
