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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Electromagnetic waves
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-traveling oscillation of an electric and magnetic field.
-a transverse wave -all electromagnetic waves are generated by acceleration of electric charge. |
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Light
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-A tiny sliver form the electromagnetic spectrum
-Visible light includes wavelengths between 390 x 10^-9 and 700 x 10^-9 |
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Equation for speed of light
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c = f(wavelength)
f = frequency c = speed of light -because the speed of light is constant, every wavelength has a corresponding frequency |
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Index of refraction
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-The speed of light propagating through some medium is found using a constant for that medium, called the index of refraction.
-compares the speed c of light in a vacuum to the speed v of light in a particular medium. n = c/v -since nothing exceeds the speed of light in vacuum, all media have a refractive index greater than 1. |
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Plane-polarized light
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-Light in which all photons not having an electric field in one particular direction are screened out, resulting in light with all electric fields oriented in the same direction.
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Dual nature of light
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-Light acts like both a wave and a particle
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Angle of incidence
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-The angle at which the light ray strikes the interface of a medium.
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Angle of reflection
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-The angle at which a light ray reflects off of a medium
-equal to the angle of incidence. |
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Angle of refraction
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-The angle at which a light ray refracts through a medium.
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Snell's law
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n1sin(theta1) = n2sin(theta2)
-describes the angle of refraction as a light ray moves from one medium to another. |
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Direction that light bends as it enters a medium
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-as light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction, light is bent toward the normal
-as light enters a medium with a smaller index of refraction, light is bent away from the normal. |
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What happens to the frequency and wavelength of light entering a new medium?
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-frequency remains the same
-wavelength changes -if the index of refraction is higher, the wavelength becomes shorter -if the index of refraction is lower, the wavelength becomes longer. |
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Equation for the energy a single photon.
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E = hf
E = energy h = Planck's constant f = frequency |
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Total internal reflection
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-An angle of incidence that is so great when light is coming from a medium with a higher index of refraction that the entire amount of photons will be reflected at the angle of reflection, and none will refract.
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Critical angle
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-the angle at which all light is reflected resulting in total internal reflecton
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Chromatic dispersion
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-phenomenon in which white light, which is made up of all frequencies of the visible spectrum is split by a prism.
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Diffraction
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-a wave-bending phenomenon- when a wave moves through a small opening, it bends around the corners of that opening.
-significant diffraction only occurs when the size of the opening is on the order of the wavelength |
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Virtual image
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-does not actually exist outside the mind of the observer; no light rays emanate from a virtual image
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Real image
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-exists separately from the observer
-rays of light actually intersect and then emanate from the point of intersection to form a real image |
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Focal point
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-light from horizontal rays is reflected by concave mirrors (or refracted by convering lenses) to focus on a single point called the focal point
-for convex mirrors and diverging lenses, horizontal rays of light are reflected and refracted outward from a single point called a focal point. |
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Focal length
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-the distance from a mirror or lens from a focal point
f(mirror) = 1/2r r = radius of curvature f = focal length |
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Lens power
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-the inverse of the focal length of a lens
P = 1/f -measured in diopters, which has equivalent units of m^-1 |
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Diopters
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-a measure of lens power, units are m^-1.
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Lateral magnification (m)
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-the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object.
m = -di/do = hi/ho |
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Angular magnification
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-the angle of the objects image compared to the objects near point
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Thin lens equation
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1/f = 1/do + 1/di
f = focal point do = object distance from lens di = image distance from lens |
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Nature of image formed by concave mirror
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-If in front of focal point, image is positive, real, inverted.
-If between focal point and mirror, image is negative, virtual, and upright. |
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Nature of image formed by convex mirror
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-Image is negative, virtual, upright.
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Nature of image formed by converging lens
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-Image is positive, real, and inverted
-If in between focal point and lens, image is negative, virtual, and upright. |
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Nature of image formed by diverging lens
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-Image is negative, virtual and upright.
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Finding the magnification of a two lens system
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M = m1m2
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Finding the power of a two lens system
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Peff = P1 + P2
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