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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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magnetism in which adjacent ions that act as tiny magnets spontaneously align
themselves at relatively low temperatures into opposite (antiparallel) arrangements so that overall the solid does not exhibit magnetism |
Antiferromagnetism
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Manganese Oxide
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Antiferromagnetism
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Outer shell electrons replace removed inner electrons, releasing energy as X-ray or ejecting another electron
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Auger Effect
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Light Produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at speeds higher than the speed of light in that medium
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Cherenkov radiation
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1958 Nobel winner law
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Cherenkov radiation
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Increase in wavelength of X-rays that have been scattered by electrons - principal way in which radiant energy is absorbed in matter
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compton effect
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named for 1927 nobel winner
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compton effect
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magnetism characteristic of materials that line up at right angles to a nonuniform magnetic field and that partially expel from their interior the magnetic field in which they are placed.
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Diamagnetism
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The difference between the frequency at which sound or light waves leave a source and that at which they reach an observer
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Doppler effect
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receding Doppler
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red shift
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approaching doppler
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blue shift
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production of Earth's main magnetic field by an electric field in the core
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Dynamo effect.
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thermionic emission ; discharge of electrons from heated materials ; used as electron source in electron tubes
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Edison effect
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rotation of the plane of polarization of a light beam by a magnetic field
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Faraday Effect
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Development of a transverse electric field in a solid material when it carries an electric current and is placed in a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current
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Hall Effect
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magnetization of ferromagnetic substances that lag behind the magnetizing field
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Hysteresis Effect
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When a particle pair is created near a black hole, one falls into the hole, the other escapes as radiation
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Hawking Radiation
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The flow of electric current between two pieces of superconducting material separated by a thin layer of insulating material
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Josephson Effect
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Cooling of a gas as it undergoes adiabatic expansion
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Joule-Thompson
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Separation of energy in nearly coincident electron levels of hydrogen
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Lamb Effect
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Named for 1955 Nobel winner
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Lamb Effect
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space contraction ; the shortening of an object along the direction of its motion relative to an observer
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Lorentz-Fitzgerald Contract
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expulsion of a magnetic field from the interior of a material that is the process of becoming a superconducter
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Meissner effect
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also called recoil-free gamma-ray resonance absorption ; nuclear process permitting the resonance absorption of gamma rays ; radioactive atoms are imbedded in a crystal lattice
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Mossbauer Effect
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1961 Nobel prize effect
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Mossbauer
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magnetism characteristic of materials weakly attracted by a strong magnet
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Paramagnetism
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Charged particles are released from a material when it absorbs radiant energy
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photoelectric effect
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barrier penetration ; particle travels through a barrier despirte the fact that the particle's presence in the barrier is forbidden
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Quantum tunnelling
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dispersion o felectron magnetic radiation by particles that have a radius less than one-tenth the wavelength of the radiation ; angle of sunlight varies inversely as fourth power of wavelength.
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Rayleigh Scattering
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Change in wavelength of light when a light beam is deflected by molecules
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Raman effect
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1930 Nobel effect
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Raman Effect
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Production of an electromagnetic force and consequently an electric current in a loop of material consisting of atleast two dissimilar conductors when two junctions are maintained at different temperatures.
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Seebeck
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splitting of spectral lines in an electric field
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Stark
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particles faster than the speed of lights
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tachyons
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scattering of light by a colloid
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Tyndall
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splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field
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Zeeman
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1902 Nobel winner
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Zeeman
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vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero - at equilibrium
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Newton's First
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F = ma
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Newton's Second Law
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1 kg * m/s2
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Newton
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two bodies exert forces equal in magnitude ; action = reaction
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Newton's Third
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used to show forces acting on body
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free-body diagram
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proportional to the normal force
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coefficient of kinetic friction
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4 fundamental forces
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gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak
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magnitude v2 / R
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acceleration towards the center in uniform circular motion
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amount of work required to accelerate a particle from rest to speed mv2 / 2
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kinetic energy
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1 N * m
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Joule
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time rate of doing work
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power
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unit of power
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watt - 1 J/s
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mv
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momentum (p)
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final total kinetic energy is less than total kinetic energy
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inelastic
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in elastic deformations, stress is proportional to strain
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Hooke's Law
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stress/strain
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elastic modulus
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tensile force per unit area
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tensile stress
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fractional change in length
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tensile strain
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ratio of stress to strain
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Young's Modulus
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point at which irreversible deformation occurs
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elastic limit
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Each planet moves in elliptical orbit
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Kepler 1
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A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal times
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Kepler 2
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The periods are proportional to the 3/2 power of the major axis lengths of their orbits
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Kepler 3
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If a spherical mass has radius less than this, the gravitational interaction prevents anything from escaping - black hole
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Schwartzchild radius
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2GM/C2
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Schwartzchild
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m/V
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density
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ratio of density of material to water
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specific gravity
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pressure applied to the surface is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid
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Pascal's Law
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Difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure
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Gauge Pressure
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fluid exerts an upward buoyant force on an immersed body = weight of fluid the body displaces
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Archimedes
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force per unit length across a line on the surface
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Surface tension
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relates pressure, flow speed, and elevation for steady flow in an ideal fluid
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Bernoulli's equation
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characterizes its resistance to shear strain ; in a Newtonian fluid - it is proportional to strain rate
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viscosity
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equation for total volume rate in a cylindrical pipe
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Poiseuille's
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sphere moving through a fluid F = 6(pi)nrv
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Stoke's
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Triple Point
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273.16 K
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transfer of energy without bulk motion
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conduction
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involves transfer of heat - mass motion
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convection
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energy transfer through electromagnetic radiation
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conduction
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Total wave displacement at any point where two or more waves overlap is the sum of the displacements of individual waves
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Superposition
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total electric flux through a closed surface 4(pi)k times the enclosed charge
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Gauss's Law
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Pair of conductors separated by insulating material
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Capactiro
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Unit of current
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ampere
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V = I * R
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Ohm's
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unit of electromotive force
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volt
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sum of currents in any junction = 0
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Kirchoff's junction rule
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sum of potential differences around any loop = 0
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kirchoff's loop rule
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potential difference measured perpendicular to the direction of current in a conductor when the conductor is placed in a magnetic field
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Hall Effect
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line integral of the magnetic field = u0 times the net current through the area enclosed by the path.
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Ampere's Law
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Induced electromotive force in a closed loop = the negative of the time rate of the magnetic flux through the loop.
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Faraday's law
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induced current always tends to oppose or cancel out the change that caused it
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Lenz's Law
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Law of refraction
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Snell's
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variation of the index of refraction with wavelength
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Dispersion
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states that the reflected unpolarized light striking an interface is completely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence if the angle is (blah)
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Brewster's
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Position of a wave front at one instant is known, the position of the front at a later time can be constructed by imagining the front as a source of secondary wavelets
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Huygens'
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When light passes through an aperture or around an edge
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Diffraction
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the source or observer is relatively close to the obstructing surface
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Fresnel diffraction
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3D x-ray diffraction grating states that constructive interference occurs when angles of incidence and scattering are equal
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Bragg condition
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two point objects are just barely resolved when their angular separation is given by the angular size of the Airy disk
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Rayleigh's criterion
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time intervals in frames of reference moving relative to each other
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time dialation
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distances in frames of reference moving relative to each other are compared
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length contraction
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relates the corrdinates and time of an event in an interial coordinate system to the coordinates observed in a second system moving relative to the first
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Lorentz coordinate transformation.
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