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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the standard deviation of the following data points: 2.97, 2.99, 3.01, and 3.03? What is the percentage error? |
3.00 +/- 0.02 0.7% |
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What percentage of data lies within one standard deviation of the mean? Two? Three? |
68% 95% 99.7% |
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What is the SI unit for mass? |
kg |
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What is power? |
energy/time |
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What is an equivalent way to express 1 V?
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1 J/C |
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What is 1 ampere? |
1 C/s
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What is an equivalent way to express 1 Farad? |
1 C/V |
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What is an equivalent way to express 1 tesla?
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1 N/Am |
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What is the prefix Tera? |
10^12 |
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What is the prefix Giga?
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10^9
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What is the prefix Mega? |
10^6
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What is the prefix pico? |
10^-12
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What is an angstrom? |
10^-10 m |
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What kind of graph does y = ax^2 + bx + c make? |
parabola |
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What does the graph of y = x^2 look like? y = -(x^2)? |
opens upward minimum at (0,0) opens downward |
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What does changing a in y = ax^2 + bx+ c do to its graph? |
increasing magnitude causes graph to narrow, decreasing magnitude causes graph to widen |
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What does changing b in y = ax^2 + bx + c do to its graph? |
-b shifts right, b shifts left |
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What does changing c in y = ax^2 + bx + c do to its graph?
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-c moves down, c moves up |
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What does a cubic curve look like? |
y rapidly increases with increasing x and rapidly decreases with decreasing x |
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What do higher power curves look like? |
parabola if even, cubic curve if odd |
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What is the equation for a circle?
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(x-a)^2 + (y-b)^2 = r^2 (a,b) represents the center |
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What is a circle stretched in the x or y direction and what does this stretching depend on? |
ellipse a&b |
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What is the equation for an ellipse? |
x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 = 1 |
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What is a hyperbola? |
two parts either open up and down or right and left |
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What is the equation for a hyperbola? |
ax^2 - by^2 = c -ax^2 + by^2 = c |
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What is the mathematical value of e? |
2.7 |
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What is the natural log? |
log base e |
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How can the log be eliminated in log y = 4t? |
y = 10^4t |
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What is log(0)?
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DNE |
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How can R = S*r^n be graphed on a double log plot? |
log R = n*log(r) + log S y= log R m = n x = log r b = log S |
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Is displacement a vector or a scaler? |
vector |
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What are the four kinematic equations?
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v = v0 + at Δx = (v0 + v)/2 * t Δx = v0*t + (1/2)at^2 v^2 = v0^2 + 2aΔx |
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If a feather and an anvil are dropped from the top of a tall building, which one will hit the ground first? Why? |
They will hit at the same time. They both experience the same acceleration due to gravity. |
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What is sin 30? |
0.5 |
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What is sin 90? |
1 |
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What is sin 0? |
0 |
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What is sin 45? |
0.707 |
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What is sin 60? |
0.866 |
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What make masses accelerate? |
unbalanced forces |
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What direction are frictional forces? |
opposite of motion |
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What causes energy loss and usually results in heat and sound?
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friction
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What does a negative acceleration mean in friction problems? What must be done?
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The direction of acceleration was chosen incorrectly. The problem must be reworked. |
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What is an action-reaction force acting along the line connecting the centers of the two masses? |
gravitational force |
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What is the equation for gravitational force? |
F = G*m1*m2/r^2 r = separation of their centers |
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What refers to gravitational force at the surface of Earth?
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weight
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What is G*mass of Earth/Earth's radius^2? |
10 m/s^2 |
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How are radius and arc length related? |
s = r*theta |
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What are the kinematic equations for rotational motion? |
ω = ω0 +αt
∆theta = t*(ω0+ω)/2 ∆theta = ω0*t +(1/2)αt^2 ω^2 = ω0^2 +2α∆theta |
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What is the equation for centripetal acceleration? |
v^2 divided by r |
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What is the equation for centripetal force? |
mv^2 divided by r |
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What unit must angular velocity be in to use in equations?
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rad/s |
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What does one radian represent? |
angle for which the arc length along the circle is equal to the radius of the circle |
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What is the mass of an object? |
quantity of matter in the object |
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What is an example of apparent weight? |
feeling heavier when an elevator is accelerating up, lighter when accelerating down |
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In what direction is a force that does work? |
in the direction of displacement |
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What is the equation for work? |
W = F*s*cos(theta) s = displacement theta= angle between F and s |
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What is work equal to graphically?
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area under the curve of force versus displacement
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What is a conservative force? |
work done by the force is independent of the path taken
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What is a nonconservative force? |
work done depends on the path taken |
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Is gravity a conservative or nonconservative force? |
conservative
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Is friction a conservative or nonconservative force? |
nonconservative |
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Is average or maximum force used in work calculations? |
average
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What is Hooke's Law? |
F = kx |
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What is power? |
work/t |
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A pile driver exerts a constant force of 2000 N over a distance of 15 cm for 0.12 s, with this force exerted once per second. Find the instantaneous power and average power exerted by the pile driver. |
P = 2500 W Pavg = 300 W |
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What is the amount of force, applied over space or time, it would take to stop a mass?
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momentum |
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How is force related to momentum? |
F = ∆p/∆t |
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What is the equation for center of mass?
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summation of (masses*distance from zero) divided by summation of masses
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What is always conserved in collisions?
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momentum |
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What is sometimes conserved in collisions? When is it conserved? |
KE, elastic collisions |
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A 0.60 kg potato is fired at a velocity of 80 m/s from a 9 kg gun with the gun free to recoil on the air track. What is the approximate velocity of the gun after firing the potato? (Don't use a calculator.) |
5.3 m/s
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What happens if a cat in a boat moves 2 m closer to shore? |
The boat will move away from shore so as to maintain the position of the center of mass. |
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What are forces that act for a short period of time? |
impulse |
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What does the graph of an impulse force look like? |
triangle or parabola facing down |
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What are angular systems? |
systems with a rigid lever that is fixed at one end and to which a force is applied at the other end |
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What is the lever arm? |
distance from the fixed center of rotation to the point at which the force is applied |
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What is the equation for torque? |
r*F*sin(theta) |
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What is the equation for linear momentum? |
L = rmv |
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What is the equation for moment of inertia?
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mr^2 |
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What is the moment of inertia for several mass points?
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summation of individual moments of inertia
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What is rotational energy?
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KE of rotation |
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Does a ball sliding or rolling reach the bottom of a slope faster? Why? |
Sliding. Rolling requires translational kinetic energy and rotational energy (kinetic energy is depleted).
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What is the density of water? |
1 g/cm^3
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What is specific gravity? |
ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water |
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What does it mean if silver has a specific gravity of 10.5? |
For equal volumes, silver has 10.5 times the mass of water, it's 10.5 times denser. |
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What does buoyancy measure?
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amount of force that the displaced water is exerting on an object |
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What is the equation for buoyant force? |
pgV p = density of water V = displaced volume |
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What is the apparent weight of a 27 g block that displaces 10 cm^3 of water?
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17 g
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Why does a hot air balloon rise?
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Buoyant force. It displaces a weight of air greater than the weight of the balloon. |
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What is the difference between weight and apparent weight in fluids? |
buoyant force |
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A statue is attached to a spring scale and lowered into a cylinder of water. The statue is observed to weight 42 N out of the water and 30 N when submerged in the water. Is the statue gold? Explain. The density of gold is 19,000 kg/m^3. |
No, the density of the statue is 3500 kg/m^3. |
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What is the definition of pressure? |
amount of force exerted on a unit area |
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What is the unit of pressure and its equivalent? |
1 pascal = 1 N/m^2 |
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What is atmospheric pressure in pascals?
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1.01*10^5 Pa |
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What is the pressure at a depth h in an open container of fluid? |
pressure at the top plus the weight of the column of fluid (pgh) |
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What is gauge pressure? |
difference between inside and outside pressures
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What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of a pool with a gauge pressure of 0.68 atm? |
1.68 atm
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What does Pascal's principle say about an increase in pressure applied to a closed liquid container?
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It is transmitted throughout the liquid. |
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Determine the gas pressure that produces a 0.20 m height difference in a manometer. The density of mercury is 13.6*10^3 kg/m^3 and the gas has higher pressure than the atmosphere. |
1.28*10^5 Pa
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Does fluid flow faster through a pipe with a small or large cross-sectional area?
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small
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What must be the same at all points in a system with continuous flow? |
cross-sectional area * velocity |
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What is volume flow rate and its equation? |
volume of liquid that flows per a given time period cross-sectional area * velocity |
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A syringe has a body radius of 0.20 cm and a needle radius of 0.050 cm. If the plunger in the syringe is moved at the rate of 1.0 m/s, what is the flow rate through the needle? |
12.6 cm^3 per s |
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What is viscosity?
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measure of the internal friction in a fluid |
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What are the units of viscosity?
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N*s/m^2 force*time/area |
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What is a poise?
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unit of viscosity: 10^-1 N*s/m^2 |
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Do low or high viscosity fluids flow easily?
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low |
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What are high viscosity fluids that move slowly and readily stick to surfaces?
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lubricants |
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What is laminar flow? |
fluid next to a surface is at nearly zero velocity, with the velocity increasing smoothly as it moves away from the surface |
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What is a metaphor for laminar versus turbulent flow?
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high current in the middle of a river versus virtually no current near the banks |
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What is the equation and symbol for surface tension? |
downward force/L of surface γ |
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What are waves for which the motion producing the wave is perpendicular to the direction of the wave? |
transverse |
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What are waves for which the individual pieces of the object move in the same direction as the wave? |
longitudinal waves |
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What are any two points along a wave that have the same height, speed, and direction? |
in phase |
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What is the equation for velocity of a wave? |
wavelength/T = wavelength*frequency |
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What causes constructive interference?
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two crests lining up
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What causes destructive interference? |
a crest lining up with a trough |
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What happens when a wave traveling on a string fixed at both ends reaches a fixed point? |
It will reflect back in the other direction, canceling out additional waves coming in and resulting in a standing/stationary wave. Example: jumprope. |
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What are positions on a string where there is no motion called?
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nodes |
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What are antinodes/loops and where are they located?
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positions where there is maximum motion, points furthest from the central axis |
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What is the wavelength for a wave produced by a string 1 m long and fixed at both ends and what is this called? |
2 m
fundamental harmonic |
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If there is a node in the center of a 1 m string fixed at both ends, what is the wavelength of each wave and what is this called? |
1 m
second harmonic |
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If there are two equally spaced nodes on a 1 m string fixed at both ends, what is the wavelength of each wave and what is this called? |
2/3 m
third harmonic |
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Does the fundamental harmonic or the nth harmonic have larger amplitude? |
fundamental
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What equation relates the velocity of a wave to tension and thickness? |
v = sqrt(F/µ)
F = tension µ = mass/unit length
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The string of a cello is tightened so as to produce the concert pitch of A (440 Hz) when it is bowed, that is, set in sinusoidal motion. The length of the string is 0.60 m and the mass is 2.0 g. How much must the cello player shorten the string to play a 660 Hz note? |
The string is a fundamental harmonic. It must be shortened by 0.2 m. |
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What is the relationship between crests and troughs in longitudinal waves?
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Nonexistent, longitudinal waves don't have crests and troughs. |
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In longitudinal waves, what are the opposite of compressions? |
rarefactions |
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What is the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in a pipe with a node at the closed end of the pipe?
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4L |
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What is the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in a pipe with a node in the pipe and a node at the closed end of the pipe? What harmonic is this? |
4L/3
second (two nodes) |
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What is the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in a pipe with two open ends and a node in the center? |
2L |
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What is the wavelength of a longitudinal wave in a pipe with two open ends and two interior nodes? What harmonic is this? |
L second (two nodes) |
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What is the range of human hearing?
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20 to 20,000 Hz
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Does the high or low frequency end of the range of human hearing diminish as we age? |
high |
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What is the speed of sound? |
340 m/s
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An "open at both ends" pipe has two successive resonances at 567 Hz and 850 Hz. What is the length of the pipe? |
The possible wavelengths for an "open at both ends" pipe is 2L/n, where n refers to the harmonic. 0.6 m |
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What is an interference between two sounds of slightly different frequencies? |
beat
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What must the beat frequency be below in order for a beat to be easily perceivable? |
20 Hz |
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What is the beat frequency of a piano note at 440 Hz and guitar note at 442 Hz? |
2 Hz |
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Is sound a longitudinal or a transverse wave?
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longitudinal |
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What is a sound wave produced by? |
back and forth motion of individual air molecules moving in the direction of the wave |
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Is rope a longitudinal or a transverse wave? |
transverse |
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Can sound be transmitted in a vacuum or space? Why or why not?
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No, there are no particles to displace. |
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Is the speed of sound in liquids higher or lower than in air? In solids? Explain. |
Yes and yes, the molecules are closer together than in air. |
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Is the speed of sound affected by temperature?
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yes |
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What causes instruments to sound different?
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The mix of frequencies they produce, even when playing a singular note. |
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What is ultrasound? |
sound above 20,000 Hz |
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What is infrasound?
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sound below 20 Hz
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Why is the transmitter frequency adjusted in ultrasound? |
to produce wavelengths in the body comparable to the size of the objects to be imaged |
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What does the resolution of ultrasound depend on? |
wavelength, smaller wavelengths are able to get a good image of smaller features
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What difference does ultrasound capitalize on?
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differing densities of air and the body, resulting in lower wavelengths in the body |
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What do sound waves transport?
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energy
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What is intensity?
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power per unit area at a certain distance from the source |
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Does sound radiate linearly or spherically? |
spherically
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What is the equation for total power of a sound wave?
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Intensity*4(pi)r^2 |
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How does intensity relate to loudness? |
10*I doubles the loudness |
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What is the decibel scale? |
logarithmic scale used to measure intensity |
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What is the relationship between amplitude and intensity?
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Intensity is proportional to the amplitude squared. |
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What is the apparent increase or decrease in frequency of a sound when the source and/or observer are moving toward or away from one another? |
Doppler effect |
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What is the equation for the Doppler effect?
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f' = f*(speed of sound +/- speed of observer)/(speed of sound -/+ speed of object producing sound) The numerator is positive if the objects are moving closer together. The denominator is positive if the objects are moving farther apart. |
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What is simple harmonic motion? |
motion with a regular (periodic) cycle |
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What is the rotation of a point moving at constant angular speed? |
simple harmonic motion
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What is the maximum excursion from the equilibrium point? |
amplitude |
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What is a Hooke's Law spring?
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Spring for which the restoring force (the force that returns the spring to its original position) is proportional to the displacement. |
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What is the direction of restoring force? |
opposite the displacement |
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What equation describes the up and down motion of a spring? |
x = A*sin(2πft) x = A*sin(wt) x = distance from equilibrium A = amplitude w = angular frequency t ranges from 0 to T |
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What is the equation for angular frequency and how does it relate to the spring constant? |
w = 2(pi)f w = sqrt(k/m) |
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In simple harmonic motion, when position is at its positive maximum what are the values of velocity and acceleration? |
v = 0 a = -max |
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In simple harmonic motion, when position is at equilibrium and moving in the negative direction, what are the values of velocity and acceleration?
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v = -max a = 0 |
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In simple harmonic motion, when position is at its negative maximum what are the values of velocity and acceleration?
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v = 0
a = max |
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In simple harmonic motion, when position is at equilibrium and moving in the positive direction, what are the values of velocity and acceleration?
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v = max
a = 0 |
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What is energy passed back and forth between in simple harmonic motion? |
KE and PE |
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When is kinetic energy maximized in a spring?
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at equilibrium
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When is potential energy maximized in a spring?
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when the spring is fully compressed or elongated |
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What is the potential energy of a spring?
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kx^2 divided by 2 x = Amplitude |
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What is oscillation diminished by friction? |
damped |
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What is the energy of a mass-spring system with mass 0.50 kg, period 0.10 s and amplitude 0.020 m? |
Use w = 2(pi)f = sqrt(k/m). 0.39 J |
