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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liquid heated to boiling pt. energy of molecules is transferred to gas phase. In a gas molecules collide w/ e/o. Force is exerted on walls of a container and is defined as pressure
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Molecular Theory
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Keeping temp constant and decreasing vol of a container the molecules will collide with the walls of the container more frequently. Greater number of collisions the greater the pressure of gas in the container. Halving the vol (V) doubles the absol press (P) 100 -200 kPa V 1/P
PV= constant (k1) |
The Gas Laws
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states that the product of the volume and pressure of a fixed quantity of an ideal gas is constant, given constant temperature. Expressed mathematically, the formula for Boyle's law is:
· V is volume of the gas. · p is the pressure of the gas. · k is a constant |
Boyle's Law
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pV=K
where: · V is volume of the gas. · p is the pressure of the gas. · k is a constant |
Boyle's Law
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law is commonly used to predict the result of introducing a change, in volume and pressure only
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Boyle's Law
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p1v1=p2v2
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Boyle's Law
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1 ATM = ________Torr
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760 Torr
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1 PSI = ___ Torr
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50 Torr
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Gas occupies ___ml at 760 torr
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100ml
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1 ATM x 5L = __Liter
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1Liter
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It states that at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature (in kelvins) increases or decreases.
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Charles Law
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V/T = k
· V is the volume. · T is the temperature (measured in kelvins). · k is a constant. |
Charles Law
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maintain the constant, k, during heating of a gas at fixed pressure, the volume must increase. Conversely, cooling the gas decreases the volume. The exact value of the constant need not be known to make use of the law in comparison between two volumes of gas at equal pressure:v1/t1=v2/t2
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Charles Law
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At a constant pressure adding heat
Double temp -> double vol. Due to constant pressure Vol of gas varies with the temp. (hot air balloon, autoclave an LMA) |
Charles Law
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Kelvins = 273 + temp in Celcius
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conversion formula to kelvins
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P1 + P2 + P3 = P total
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Dalton's law of partial pressure
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In a mixture of gases the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that which would exert if it were alone in a container
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Dalton's law of partial pressure
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PAO2 = FIO2 (PB-47) - (PACO2/0.8)
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Alveolar gas equation
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1 ATM =___PSI
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14.7 PSI
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volume held constant, pressure varies directly with temp. P1/T1=P2/T2
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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volume is held constant temperature, varies directly with pressure.
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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temperature of a cylinder of compressed gas decreases as gas is released
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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given a mass of gas at thermal equilibrium P,V and T can be measured ____ Law states temp held constant will vary indirectly with volume
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Boyle's Law
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If pressure is held constant, as you increase temperature, volume also increases.
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Charles Law
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Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
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Temperature = 0 Centigrade
273 Kelvin |
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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Combined Gas Law
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total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of the individual pressures of its constituents P1 + P2 + P3 = P total
each individual pressure is a partial pressure one partial pressure is the total pressure times the fractional concentration |
Dalton's Law
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Arterial oxygen content (CaO2) what is the normal value
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17-24 ml/dl
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CaO2 = 1.36 x Hgb x SaO2 + (0.003 x PaO2)
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Arterial oxygen content
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Alveolar Gas Equation
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PAO2 = FIO2(PB-47) - (PACO2/0.8)
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A-a gradient= age + ___ /4
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10
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What is the Respiratory quotient (ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption
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-0.8
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A-a gradient increases ____ torr for every 10% increase in FIO2
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5-6 torr
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Determinants of resistance (R) are
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viscosity of fluid
-radius of the tube -length of the tube |
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What factors cause Turbulent flow ?
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inc velocity
-wide to narrow tube -hi velocity -bend in tubing |
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Reynolds number
Blood = 2000 |
2000
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Bernulli -
Inc velocity dec pressure- |
venturi effect
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Tension= Pressure x Radius
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Laplace's Law-
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Damage to alvelous is loss of recoil of alveoli,results in _______.
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difficult to exhale
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fall in pressure in fluid flow thru a tube when the tube narrows due to inc in speed of the stream of fluid
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Coanda Effect
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pressure gradient across the wall of a sphere = 2XTension/radius
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Surface tension
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Mean aortic pressure
-------------------- Cardiac output |
Peripheral resistance
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Change pressure (P) is the difference between the two ends of a tube
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Poiseuille's Law
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Determinants of resistance
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Viscosity, radius, length
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Reynolds number =
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Flow velocity(vol) x density (P) x diameter (d) divided by viscosity (7)
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T = PR
T= tension P= pressure R= radius |
La Place's Law for a Cylindrical vessel
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T= PR/2
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La Place's Law for a Spherical vessel
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Boyle's Law states gas occupies ____ml @ 760 torr
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100ml
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V1/T1 = V2/T2
V= Volume T= Temperature |
Charles Law Equation:
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P1/V1 = P2/V2
P= Pressure V= Volume |
Boyle's Law Equation
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Pressure is held constant as you increase temperature volume also increases
V1/T1 = V2/T2 |
Charles' Law
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Volume held constant, pressure varies directly with temperature
P1/T1= P2/T2 |
Gay-Lussac's Law
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If volume is held constant, temperature pressure varies directly with pressure
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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Temperature of a cylinder of compressed gas decreases as gas is released. Because decreased pressure, will result in decreased temperature
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
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Combined Gas Law
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A mixture of gas the pressue exerted by each gas is the same as that which would exert if it alone occupied the container
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
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The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the individual pressures of its constituents P1 + P2 + P3 +..+ = Total
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Dalton's Law
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Each individual pressure is called a partial pressure
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Dalton's Law
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One Partial pressure is the total pressure times the fractional concentration
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Dalton's Law
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The normal Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO2) Normal =
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17-24 ml/dl
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CaO2 = 1.36 x Hgb x SaO2 + (0.003 x PaO2)
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Arterial Oxygen Content equation
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Alveolar Gss Equation
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PaO2= FiO2
(PB-47)-(PaCO2/0.8) 0.8 = Respiratory Quotient (Ratio of Co2 production to O2 consumption) |
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Age + 10/4
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A-a Gradient
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A-a gradient increases ____torr every 10% increase FIO2
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5-6 torr
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A-a gradient
If normal a low PaO2 is r/t |
hypoventilation
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Each volume of gases at STP contain the same number of molecules
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Avogadro's Principle
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Avogadro's Principle
An N20 full tank is _____kg |
3.4 kg
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The molecular wt of N20 is ___.
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44
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PV=nRT
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Ideal Gas Law
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Ideal Gas Law
An E Cylinder has 2200 psi and _____ liters. |
660 liters
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1100 psi x 0.3 (for an E tank) = ____liters
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330 liters
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temperature and pressure rises to rises to levels higher than what observed in Boyle's law
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Adiabatic (Constant Heat) Processes
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Rapic compression of a gas causes rapid increase in temperature
Transfilling tanks from large to small, causes gas to rapidly expand and rapidly recompress. Dramatic increases in temp. can ignite |
Adiabatic (Constant Heat) Processes
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When compressed gas is allowed to escape freely into space (rapid expansion) cooling takes place
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Adiabatic cooling (Joule- Thompson Effect)
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The amount of gas absorbed by a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of gas in contact with the liqid
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Henry's Law
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Fick's Law of Diffusion
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Rate of diffusion of a substance across a unit area is proportional to the concentration gradient?
The rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane is proportional to the tension grageint. |
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The rate of diffusion of a gas is lnversly proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. Light gases diffuse quicker than heavier gases.
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Graham's law
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DOT regulates gas cylinders in the following
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maintenenc, handling, transport, storgae, disposal.
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Pressure reducing valve on tanks. Consists of metal alloy that melts at temperature of 150-170F
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Woods Metal
(consists of metal that melts at 200-220F. |
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If temp. increases to 150F the _______ melts and allows pressurized gas to escape
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Woods metal
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Gas Supply Safety Wall Supply DISS =
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Diameter Index Safety System (DISS)
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DISS consist of the following having designated connector diameters
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O2, N2O, Air, N2, and CO2
Prevents attachment of O2 hose to N2O outlet, etc. |
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Gas Supply Safety Cylinder Supply= PISS
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Pin Index Safety System (PISS)
Designates pin positions on yoke/hanger assembly |
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PISS prevents
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Attatchment of air, N2O, O2 from being interchanged.
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E Cylinder Specifications
Air Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position |
Color: Yellow
PSI: 1900-2200 Vol: 625 Crit Temp -141C Phys State Gas PISS 1-5 |
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E Cylinder Specifications
Oxygen Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position |
Color: Green
PSI: 1900-2200 Vol: 660 Crit Temp -118C Phys State Gas PISS 2-5 |
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E Cylinder Specifications Nitrogen Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position
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Color: Black
PSI: 1900-2200 Vol: 610 Crit Temp ***** Phys State Gas PISS 1-4 |
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E Cylinder Specifications
Helium Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position |
Color: Brown
PSI: 1600 Vol: 500 Crit Temp **** Phys State Gas PISS |
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E Cylinder Specifications
Nitrous Oxide Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position |
Color: Blue
PSI: 745 Vol: 1590 Crit Temp 36.5C Phys State Liquid PISS 3-5 |
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E Cylinder Specifications
Carbon Dioxide Color, PSI, Volume, Critical Temp, Phys State, PISS Position |
Color: Gray
PSI: 838 Vol: 1590 Crit Temp 30C Phys State Gas PISS |
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Combustible gases: the valve outlet threads are screwed ___ hand
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Left hand (counter clockwise to tighten)
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Regulators ______ pressure
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Step down
last a life span of 4yrs Gas specific (no interchange) No Grease or oils |
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How long will tank (O2 or Air) last? Capacity/Service Pressure of a D tank capacity
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400 liters
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How long will tank (O2 or Air) last? Capacity/Service Pressure of a E tank capacity
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650 Liters
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How long will tank (O2 or Air) last? Capacity/Service Pressure of a M tank capacity
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3000 Liters
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To Determine amount of O2 left in a tank:
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Capacity/Service pressure =
remaining liters/current pressure. |
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Problems with O2/N2) Supply
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Pressure loss
Excess Pressure Connection gas pipelines Contamination Leaks Theft (N2O) |
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Medical Grade Oxygen
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Air (O2 & N) put over a liquid at high pressure and controlled temp range. -> increases solubility of both gases in liquid. Liquid is passed through high intensity magnet.(sep O2 from liquid)
Collected O2 gas is pressurized into containers. |
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Air Supply: Pipeline Supply
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produced at site with compression pumps, dehumidified, not sterile
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Air Supply: Cylinder Supply
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Air is sterile
Made by blending 02 and N2 |
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O2 = ________ torr
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150 torr
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less than 21% O2 is a ____mix
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hypoxic
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A thrope tube is ____ at the bottom
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narrow
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A thrope tube is _____ at the top of the tube.
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wider
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At the bottom of a thrope tube the flow is _____.
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Laminar Flow r/t by viscosity
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Turbulent flow in a thrope tube occurs r/t density once past _______ .
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reynolds number
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Thrope tubes a different based on ______ of the tubes
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density
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On the anesthesia machine N2O is what color?
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Blue
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On the anesthesia machine O2 is what color?
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Green
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On the anesthesia machine air is what color?
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yellow
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The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular wt.
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Graham's Law
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Diffusion of gas through tissues
Diffusion rate = (P1-P2) (area) (solubility) --------------------------- (memb thickness) sq root molecular wt |
Fick's Law of Diffusion
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Diffusion rate of a gas is directly proportional
Partial pressure gradient Membrane area Solubility of gas in membrane |
Fick's Law of Diffusion
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The rate of transfer of a gas through a sheet of tissue is dependent upon
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tissue area
tissue thickness Concentration gradient Solubility of the molecules Molecular size and weight |
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NO2 is very soluble ___times soluble than Nitrogen
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34x
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What does NO2 effect the pressure in
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Inc pressure ET cuff
Inc pressure in Bowel Can Perf Tympanic membrane |
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The rate of diffusion across a membrane for non-gases is dependent on
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tissue area
tissue thickness conc. gradient (for un-ionized) Electrochemical gradient (ions) Lipid solubility Molecular size and weight |
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Principle of osmosis water goes from ___ to ____
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High concentration to low concentration
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The temperature above which a substance cannot be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied
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Critical Temperature
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The pressure (vapor pressure at the critical temperature
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Critical pressure
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At 40 degrees NO2 is at critical temp and is in a ___state
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Gas
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If NO2 decreases volume, increases pressure and decreases temp to 36.5 exists in what state?
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liquid
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If NO2 drops to 20 degrees C becomes a _________.
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vapor
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A substance above its critical temp
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gas
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a substance below its critical temp
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vapor
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