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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ionization Energy
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energy required to remove an e-
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electron affinity
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energy required to add e-
-EA = energy emitted = stable octet +EA = energy absorbed = break octet |
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Zeff (effective nuclear charge)
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strength of p+ pull on e-
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diamagnetic
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all e- spin paired --> repulsion in magnetic field
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paramagnetic
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not all e- spin paired --> attraction in magnetic field
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NBE (nuclear binding energy)
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energy released when nucleons seperated
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Shielding
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valence e- in shell around nucleus, with more shells; greater shielding
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Ionic Radius Trend
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cation+ < neutral atom < anion-
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Polar Covalent Bond
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difference in EN results in unequal e- sharing, resulting in dipole moments
ie. HF : +-----> |
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Coordinate Covalent Bonds
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only one atom is donating both e-, acting as Lewis base or ligand
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Intermolecular Forces
1. dipole dipole 2. ion dipole 3. dipole induced dipole 4. London dispersion forces 5. Hydrogen bonding |
1. +ve attracted to -ve end of dipoles
2. cation/anion attracted to dipole 3. one dipole induces instantaneous dipole in another 4. instantaneous dipoles in NONPOLAR molecules - > depends on polarizability of molecule (based on environment 5. H+ interaction with F, O, N attached to H |
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Solvation
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solvent molecules around solute
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Why use molality over molarity?
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used when T is changing,
because m remains constant with change in P or T; while M does not |
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What forms do solutions come in? (in terms of combos of the three phases)
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gas + gas
gas + liquid liquid + liquid liquid + solid solid + solid!!! |
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Why does like dissolve like?
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Are able to replace intermolecular forces with equal or stronger forces
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Colligative Property
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independant of identity of particle, and dependant on # of solute particles (van't Hoff factor) ; thus effective concentration (iM)
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Vapor Pressure: What happens to vapor pressure when solute added? When is this assumption not reliable?
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- Pvap is the gaseous form of the liquid, that exerts pressure on exposed liquid surface
- Pvap depression, as more E req'd to escape - Not reliable when working with volatile substances (weak intermolecular forces) |
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Osmotic Pressure
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pressure to STOP osmosis (movement of H2O from low to high [conc] across semi permeable membrane)
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What is an intermediate and when is it formed?
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short lived as the activated complex of the steady state approximation during the rate determining step where is shuttles back and forth between phases
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Are transition states and intermediate the same thing?
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No TS cannot be isolated (are theoretical constructs ) and are of the highest energy
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Catalyst
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lowers activation energy of the rate determining step; undergoing temporary changes but unchanged after the reaction, by stabilizing the TS
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Rate Law
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rate at which reactants and products disappear; only using reactants of the rate determining steps and is determined experimentally
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What is the rough rule with changes in temperature and rate law?
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10 degree increase results in rate increase by 2 to 4 times
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What is the difference between the k constant of rate law and the equilibrium constant (Keq)?
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for rate law, the k constant is dependant on the reaction, while Keq is CONSTANT for a given Temp.
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In UCM, why doesn't an object fall to center, since the Fc=Fnet points towards the center?
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it is falling towards the center, but speed keeps it in motion; and direction of velocity does NOT equate to direction of Fnet
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Is torque a force? Why or Why not?
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No, it is a vector but only a property of a force ; because does rotational movement (not push or pull) and measured in Nm, rather than N
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When is torque not present?
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when force is applied in parallel to motion
sin180 = 0 ; thus: torque = 0 |
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Spontaneous Movement
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PE <0 and G< 0
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What is characteristic of perpendicular forces?
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1. do NO work
2. can NOT change speed, only direction |
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Amphoteric vs. Polyprotic
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Ampho - act as base or acid
Poly- more than one H+ with decreasing acidity strength |
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What conjugate base is always amphoteric?
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the conjugate base of a weak polyprotic acid
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State function
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independant of path taken
ex. enthalpy |
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Bond Disociation Energy
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energy req'd to break bond homolytically (form radicals)
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Oxidation State vs. Formal Charge
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ox state - to determine exchange of e- in redox
FC - to determine charge of most stable form of molecule |
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Oxidizing agent
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is reduced (GER- gain e-)
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In redox, how does dissolving compare to precipitating?
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dissolving - lose e- (ox)
precipitating - gain e- (red) |
