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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observation
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something we can tell by using our 5 senses
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physical science
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the study of the nonliving things that make up the world
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chemistry
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the study of how atoms, molecules and chemicals interact with each other
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science
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the total collection of knowledge gained through man's observations of the physical world
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physics
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the study of matter, energy, motion and forces
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faith
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the confident belief in the authority or reliability of something
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scientific method
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the series of steps scientist use when investigating a problem or trying to answer a question
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hypothesis
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prediction of what you think will happen
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variables
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the changeable factors that could affect an experiment's outcome
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control
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the sample in an experiment in which the variables are kept at a base level
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inference
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an educated guess based on observation
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empirical laws
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generalizations based on observations that describe the way an object behaves under specific conditions
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theories
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explanations of scientific laws
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metric system
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also known as the SI system, a system of measurements based on the number 10
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meter
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the standard unit for length in the metric system
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liter
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the standard unit for the volume of liquid in the metric system
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gram
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the standard unit for mass in the metric system
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Celcius Scale
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the temperature scale used by scientists
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force
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a push or pull that changes the motion, size or shape of a body
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newton (N)
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the unit of force
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contact forces
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forces that require contact between two objects
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buoyant force
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the upward force exerted on objects in a fluid
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elastic force
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the force that acts to pull a stretched object back to its regular shape
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friction
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a force that resists motion in two objects that are moving against each other
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compressional force
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a force that results from pushing or squeezing an object
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tensile force
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a force that results from a push or pull exerted on an object
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shearing force
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the force that distorts material by slippage along a plane parallel to the force
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noncontact forces
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the forces that don't require contact between two objects
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net force
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the total of all the forces acting on an object
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speed
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the rate at which an object moves
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the formula for speed
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speed = distance / time
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velocity
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the speed of an object in a particular direction
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acceleration
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the rate of change in velocity over time
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the formula for acceleration
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accelleration = final velocity minus initial velocity over final time minus initial time
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inertia
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the tendency of an object to resist a change in its movement
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terminal velocity
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the constant velocity after which an object stops accelerating
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projectile motion
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the curved path an object follows when it is thrown or propelled near Earth's surface
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centripetal force
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the force that continuously pulls objects traveling in a circular path toward the center of the circle.
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momentum
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the property of a moving object that depends on it mass and velocity
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conservation of momementum
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when a moving object hits another object, momentum can be transferred from one object to the other, but the total amount of momentum stays the same.
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fluid
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any substance that flows and takes the shape of its container (gas or liquid)
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pressure
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force per area
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hydraulic devices
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devices that use liquid to transfer pressure from one point to another
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bernoulli's principle
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the force a fluid exerts on its surroundings decreases as its speed increases
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work
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the action that results when a force causes an object to move (the movement must be in the same direction as the force)
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energy
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the ability to do work
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kinetic energy
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the energy contained in moving objects
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potential energy
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energy that is stored either because of an object's position, chemical makeup, or elasticity.
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law of conservation of energy
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
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nonrenewable resources
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resources that can't be replaced once they are used or can be replaced only over long periods of time
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renewable resources
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resources that are constantly available or that can be replaced in a relatively short period of time
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power
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the amount of work done or energy provided in a period of time
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formula for power
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power = work / time
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machine
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a device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction (or both) of a force
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resistance force
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the force needed to do work without a machine
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effort force
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the force needed to do work with a machine
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mechanical advantage
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a measure of how much a machine increases a force applied to it
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ideal mechanical advantage
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mechanical advantage that does not consider friction
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inclined plane
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a simple machine that has a slanted surface
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lever
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a simple machine made of a rigid bar that pivots at a fixed point
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pulley
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a simple machine consisting of a rope that turns around a wheel
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fixed pulley
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a pulley that is attached to something that doesn't move
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movable pulley
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a pulley that is attached to the object being lifted/moved.
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block and tackle
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an arrangement of pulleys designed to move heavy objects
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screw
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a simple machine that consists of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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wedge
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a simple machine that consists of two back-to-back inclined planes
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wheel and axle
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a simple machine that consists of a wheel with a larger diameter attached to an axle with a smaller diameter
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compound machine
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a machine made from a combination of two or more simple machines
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kinetic energy
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energy contained in moving objects
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temperature
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the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
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heat
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the energy that is transferred between substances that are different temperatures
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calorie
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the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 deg celcius.
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specific heat
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A substance's ability to absorb the kinetic energy of heat : the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of that substance 1 deg celcius
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heat of fusion
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the amount of heat required to melt a certain amount of a substance
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heat of vaporization
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the amount of heat required to vaporize a certain amount of a substance (liquid to gas)
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conduction
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the transfer of heat from one substnace to another through direct contact of the substances' molecules
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thermal conductor
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a substance that conducts heat well
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thermal insulator
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a substance that doesn't conduct heat well
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convection
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heat transfer that occurs in moving fluids caused by the circulation of currents from one region to another
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radiation
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the transfer of energy through space or matter by waves
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heat engine
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a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy in order to do work
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combustion
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the burning of a substance
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external combustion engine
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a heat engine that burns fuel outside the engine
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internal combustion engine
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a heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine
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spark plug
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a device that ignites gasoline-vapor in a gasoline engine
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wave
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a disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space
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medium
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any substance through which a wave can travel (solid, liquid or gas)
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compressibility
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the ability of a medium to return quickly to its original shape
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transverse wave
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a wave with a motion that is at a right angle to the direction in which the wave travels (the slinky moving up and down)
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longitudinal wave
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a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate back and forth along the path the wave travels (the long straight slinky)
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crest
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the highest point of a transverse wave
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trough
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the lowest point of a transverse wave
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amplitude
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the maximum distance a wave vibrates from its rest position
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wave height
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the distance between the trough and crest
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wave length
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distance between two crests
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frequency
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the number of complete waves that pass a particular point in a unit of time
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hertz
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the unit used to measure wave frequency
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wave period
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the time it takes for two successive wave crests to pass a given point
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wave speed
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the reate at which a wave is traveling
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reflection
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the bouncing back of a wave after it hits a barrier that does not absorb all of its energy
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absorption
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the conversion of a wave's energy into another form of energy, such as heat
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refraction
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the bending of a wave due to a change in the wave's speed as it passes from one medium to another
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diffraction
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the bending of a wave around a barrier or through an opening
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interference
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the effect produced by the combination of two waves
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sound
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energy produced by an object's vibrations
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decibel
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the most common unit used to measure the intensity of sound
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pitch
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how high or low a sound is
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ultrasonic sounds
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sounds with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz (too high to hear)
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Doppler effect
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the change in the frequency and pitch of a sound caused by the motion of the sound source or the listener
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sonar
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a method using ultrasonic waves to calculate under water distances or locate underwater objects
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music
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sound with a pleasing quality, an identifiable pitch, and a repeated timing called rhythm.
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resonance
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what occurs when an object vibrating at or near the natural frequency of a second object causes the second object to vibrate
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timbre
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the quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and volume
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acoustics
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the scientific study of sound
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noise pollution
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a level of noise that causes irritation, pain, or damage to a part of the body
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