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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the greatest buoyant force?
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2 and 3 because they are fully submerged.
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What is the buoyant force on the ball that is half submerged?
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Half of the buoyant force of 2 and 3.
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What determines buoyant force?
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Volume of the liquid you are displacing and the weight of the water. The weight of what you are displacing is the buoyant force.
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Why are balls 2 and 3 sinking?
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Because they are heavier than water and more dense.
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Which ball is lighter and not as dense than water?
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1
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Which ball is the most dense?
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3 is the most dense because it has the most atoms in it and it is the heaviest.
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When a continue force is applied to a rocket over time...
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It will always be accelerating... different than hitting a baseball, when you hit a baseball you just hit it once with one force, if you continue to hit it, it would accelerate.
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If a rocket goes 100 mph after the boosters are on. Will the speed keep increasing?
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Yes... after one second it will go 100 mpg, after 2 second 200 mpg and so on and it will keep increasing speed if there is a continuous force.
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Newton's Law
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- an object in motion stays in motion until acted on by another force.
- mass x acceleration= force - forces come in pairs |
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A truck going 100 mph hits a mosquito who is standing still going at 0 mph
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- The force on the mosquito is the same as the force experienced by the truck
- The mosquito has a greater acceleration - The larger your mass (KE) when you hit something then you will accelerate - So if you are bigger than something, the smaller thing will accelerate more but the contact force will be the same. - Whoever has more mass will accelerate more. - When a ball hits a bat the ball has greater acceleration but they both hit each other with the same force. |
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I drop a marble and a cannonball on the moon.
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- acceleration and speed are the same
- they both hit the ground at the same time - the more massive the object the greater the force acting on it - cannon ball will take more force to pull it down - gravitational force on the cannon ball is bigger - Acceleration is constant no matter how big and heavier you are - The marble requires smaller force |
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What happens when you double the distance between 2 objects?
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You cut the force of gravity down to 1/4
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Elevator going up
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- Contact force between you and elevator will always be the same
- At step one 200 pounds, no net force - At steo 2 you are going up and you are 210 pounds; net force upward - At step 3 there is no net force and no acceleration so you weight 200 - At step 4 you are slowing down and you are going to weight 190 pounds; net force is downward - At step 5 you are still and not moving so you will be 200 pounds, no net force - At each of these steps your "weight" is the force between you and the floor - net force opposite your direction of acceleration is deceleration and you will slow down or go backwards - Anytime you have acceleration there is net force - The contact force between the man and the floor will be largest at step 2 - Contact force between the floor and the man will be the same - net force on the man will be the same at 2 - the net force on man will be 0 on 1,3,5 - A net force is only present when there is accelaration - the man will have the largest kinetic energy at 3 because it is moving faster then: * kinetic energy is anytime an object has motion; faster something is moving, the more KE it has. * A pendulum has the greatest KE at the bottom - Electrical potential energy is being converted to create kinetic energy |
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What kind of energy is being converted when I throw something?
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Chemical potential energy (food) to kinetic energy (movement) to thermal energy (object cutting the air.)
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A pendulum is swinging back and forward
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- Gravitational potential energy is maximized at the end ( points 1 and 2)
- The more you lift up the greater the Gravitational Potential Energy - As it drops down towards the middle the Gravitational Potential Energy is turning into kinetic energy - At point 2 the GPE has completely converted into Kinetic energy and kinetic energy is maximized. - In a perfect frictionless world, the pendulum will go forever and the total energy of the pendulum is conserved ( just shifting between gravitational potential and kinetic energy.) - As the pendulum swings, energy is transferred back and forth between gravity and kinetic energy. |
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A bullet is shot straight up out of a box car moving at 10 mph
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Conservation of linear momentum: anytime an object moving is spelled, any force that is causing it to move laterally then it will keep going the same speed.
- The bullet will move with you at 10 mph; like if you are in a bus that is going 30 mph and you jump, you will land in the same spot because you are going at 30 mph with the bus. |
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If you shoot a gun exactly parallel to the earth and drop a bullet at the same time?
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They will hit the earth at the same time. ( Conservation of Linear Momentum)
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Relationship between time and relative speed
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- At motion in high speed, time slows down ( time dilatation)
- Mass increases - Length contracts (shortens) - THESE THREE THINGS ARE WITNESSED BY OUTSIDE OBERVERS |
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A baby is in a rocketship going near the speed of light
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- Energy convert into mass
- any forward momentum that would make you go faster than the speed of light converts into mass - if the headlights on the space ship go on, the headlights will go as fast as the speed of light... THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS CONSTANT... light will never go faster or slower than the speed of light. - If a distant start is moving 1/4 the speed of light away form earth, the lights will travel at the same speed. - If you were in a rocket for a long time, your age would be lees than someone on earth, but if you were to fly back, it would balance out. |
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Is there anyway to tell if we are mocing relative to something else if we are in a box with no windows?
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No experiment we can do to tell.
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+ +
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will repel each other
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- +
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These will attract each other; greatest potential energy because it will travel the most and the fastest)
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-+
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These will stick together and it has the greatest electrical force.
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As an electron (-) is taken farther and farther away from a negatively charged particle?
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It will experience a repulsion that decreases as it gets further away
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Forces that act on the earth and on the moon?
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- Only force is the earth pulling on the moon and the moon pulling on the earth
- The moon was blasted into our atmosphere and the earth's gravity snatched it so it is circling around the earth. |
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Time symmetry
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Laws of the universe don't change according to time and position
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Position symmetry
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Does not matter where you are at the universe, the laws are still the same.
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Occam's razor
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the simplest solution is the correct one.
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How do you decrease gravitational force?
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Increase distance
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Is the such a thing as a fully reversible process?
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No. There will always be disorder; anytime you do any action in the universe you are always creating disorde, you are creating a less ordered energy
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Most ordered forms of energy?
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Gravitational potential and Kinetic Energy. Middle NEC, least ordered is thermal.
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Ball rolling on a counter?
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Appears the same backwards and forward.
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What is acceleration?
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Change in direction and speed.
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What is uniform motion?
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Speed is not changing
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Light spreads out?
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Diffraction
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Light bends and changes medium?
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Refraction
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Material that only conducts energy when dissolved in water?
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Ionic material
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What keeps a book from going through a table?
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The electromagnetic force and the table pushing back on the earth keeps the book from going through the table.
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What are the small materials that make up protons and neutrons?
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Quarks
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What force holds the galaxy together?
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Gravitational force
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Why does a air balloon floats?
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Because it is less dense and therefore there is a buoyant force displacing air.
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What is matter?
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Wave and particles
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What happens when dynamite explodes?
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- Chemical Potential Energy changes
- Total mass energy of the universe is conserved. |
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Continuous Model of Matter
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-If you keep cutting a piece of wood forever, it will never change what it is.
- Dust bouncing in apparent random motion ruined this |
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What led to the molecular model?
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Brownian Motion
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What is matter made of?
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Of tiny particles that move in apparent random motion an are governed by the laws of motion. The more Kinetic Energy the hotter it is.
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What happens when you put a gas in a tube and put an eletrical charge in?
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All the gas moves to positive and negatives ends and positive end has almost all of the mass
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Plum Pudding Model
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Rutherford in order to prove his teacher true, pounded a super thin gold sheet and shot alpha particles (highly positive) at it and they found out that
- Atom has a highly positive nucleus and electron orbits about the nucleus |
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Rutherford's solar system model
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Model couldn't explain discrete spectra. Discrete spectra is what we use to fingerprint the elements.
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Borh's Model
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Electrons are at discrete levels around the nucleus
- If a photon is absorbed, the electron will jump out an energy level - if a photon is reflected, it will take the energy and the electron will jump in a level |
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The wave model
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Electrons are in orbitals ( standing waves of probability describing where an electron might be.)
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Molecules in the air
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They are particles in random motion that change direction as they hit each other.
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Difference between red and blue light?
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- Difference in frequency
- Red light has lower frequency; it can travel further (AM) - Blue light has higher frequency (FM) |
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What happens when you lower your frequency?
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Greater wave length
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What is the force that holds stars together?
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gravity
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What is the force that holds nucleus together?
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nuclear strong force
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What is the force that prevents atoms from smashing on top of each other?
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Electromagnetic force
(creates friction) |
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What is the force that prevents protons and electrons from smashing into each other?
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Weak force
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What is the force that prevents nucleons from smashing into each other?
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Weak force
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Photoelectric Effect
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- Electroscope
- Brightness increases amplitude - UV light increases frequency... knocked electrons off an electroscope - Light behaves as a particle |
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Slit Experiment
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Light behaves as wave
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Average Molecular Kinetic Energy
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- Corresponds to temperature; greater the Molecular Kinetic Energy the higher the temperature
- Correlates to the state; hotter something is, the different the state - lower kinetic energy will be more dense except for water |
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What happens if you put a balloon in the freezer?
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The pressure will decrease and it will shrink... a balloon in the freezer is more dense.
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What is air composed of? What substance moves faster?
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80% oxigen and 20% nitrogen with 68 degrees.
Nitrogen moves faster because it has less mass. Less mass moves faster. |
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Will a car ever be 100% efficient?
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No because there will always be disorder happening
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What happens when light goes through 2 close slits?
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Light will acts as a wave and create an interference pattern.
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What happens when you shoot one electron through 2 close slits?
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- When observed it behaves as a particle and just go in a straight line (you will get bars)
- when you don't observe, it behaves like a wave and diffract |
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What is the purpose of the slit experiment?
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To show that matter behaves like wave
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What happens when light is made extremely dim?
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We see the particle effect of light
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What comes out of 2 shared electrons?
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One bond
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Covalent
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2 from right
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Ionic
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1 left and 1 right
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Metallic bond
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2 from left
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What type of potential energy is released by fusion?
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Nuclear potential energy is released whenever we do fusion or fission
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What kind of energy powers our dams?
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Gravitational potential
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What is called a substance that can not be divided?
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Element
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What is the hydrosphere?
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Water on the earth surface
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What is the lithosphere?
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The crust of the earth. NOT THE WATER
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Plate tectonics?
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Proved by the plasticity material underneath earth.
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Where is located the mantle?
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Underneath the lithosphere
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What makes the interior of the earth so hot?
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Radioactive decay
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Have humans even got the the bottom of the crust?
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No
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Where do rocks from volcanoes come from?
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Asthenosphere
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Why do we know about the interior of the earth?
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Because of the electromagnetic field and examining shadow zones
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What proves that South America was once connected to Africa?
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Ancient Paleozoic glaciation patterns and faunal succession and orientation of the magnetic fields of ancient basalt
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What make metamorphic rocks?
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Slate and marble and are created from heat and pressure.
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What is refraction?
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When waves change direction due to a medium
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Island Arch
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Oceanic Convergent ( also forms a trench)
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Rift Valley
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Divergent continental
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Mid Atlantic Ridge
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Divergent Oceanic
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San Andreas Fault
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Transform Fault ( sliding against each other)
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Mountains
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Continental Convergent
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Mediterranean
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Will shrink as it drains and will become and will become a mountain range between Africa and Europe
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Where is America heading?
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West
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What does a mass spectrometer do?
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Put molecules in it and it blasts them apart... tells you the mass of all of them and of the pieces
- Gives mass of molecules and molecular fragments. |
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What happens when a single electron goes through 2 narrow slits?
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- A single dot
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What is it when I send matter through slits and it diffracts?
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Wave particle duality
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SPEEDY F!!!!
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S,P,D,F
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1st shell
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s
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2nd shell
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sp
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3rd shell
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spd
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4th shell
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spdf
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What happens when an atom absorbs a photon?
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An electron jumps out a level?
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What happens when an atom emits a photon?
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An electron jumps in a level (emits light)
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How did we make the earth?
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All of the dust accreted together
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How did we make the sun?
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Accretion
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Is there fusion in the middle of the earth?
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No. Radioactive decay
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Why is fusion taking place in the middle of the sun?
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Because it is so hot.
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What is continental shield?
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Not in the ocean... really old layer of rock
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Abyssal hill
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in the ocean
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Was it hotter right after big bang?
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Yes... not it is cooling down and spreading out
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What tells me about the inner and outer core?
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A rock. IT IS A METEORITE
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Gama decay
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No change
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Beta Decay
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Atomic number up one; gain one proton
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Electron Capture
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Down one atomic number; lose a proton
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Alpha decay
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Down two atomic numbers and you lose 2 protons
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What is the total number of dots in an electron?
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Dot structure: is the total valence plus any additional (-1's)
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What happens if you lose an electron?
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It changes your mass VERY slightly and doesn't change the number of neutrons or protons you have
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What is the crust mostly made of?
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Silicone and oxygen
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What is the inner core mostly made of?
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Nickel and iron
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Diatomic= in nature at minimum you’ll find it connected to another one
Have No Fear of Ice Cold Beer Hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen, iodine, chlorine, bromine Be weary of the left side if you have a nondiatomic with a sub 2 Balancing Count number on left and number on right |
?????
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Look up all of the different types of sugars and acids for pictures, specifically
carboxylic acid |
RCOOH
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Atomic Diameter
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Increases down and to the left
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Ionization and electro negativity
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Increase up and to the right
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Noble gases
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Don't have electro negativity
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DNA
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- TACG
- ATGC T=A G=C |
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Sensory data
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I see the mountains and that they are beautiful and I tell you. If you believe me then you are relying on Authority
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What happens during evaporation?
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Sun heats up water molecules so that they have enough KE to fly off the skin/ground
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Can sheer wave go through liquids or gases?
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NO. ONLY SOLIDS
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What does interference pattern looks like?
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Like line of light and dark next to each other; produced by many electrons/wave like non observed.
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Heat conduction
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If you sit on a stove it will burn you; faster moving molecules transfer their energy to slower moving ones.
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Heat convenction
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Warm air rises and cold air sinks
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What happened during the gold foil experiment?
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Most particles went straight through and and it ruined Thompson's plum pudding
- We learned there is a very dense positive nucleus |
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Wave of quantum model
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Newest model
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Continuous quantum model
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Oldest
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Oxidation number of fluorine?
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-1
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What happens anytime we join two atoms together ( not is fusion, just a bond)
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We increase the entropy of the universe because in any chemical reaction we create thermal energy... chemical potential energy into thermal
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Are any elements in the same column going to be the most similar?
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Yes
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What is nucleotide made of?
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?????
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What do enzymes do?
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break things down, put things together, speed reaction, and pretty much everything
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What does MRNA do?
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Transfers info from cell's nucleus to the ribosome
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Half lives
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/?????
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Where can you use Carbon-14
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You can use it on anything that has carbon. It goes back 70,000 years
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Why is fusion so hard to do?
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Because you have to get enough heat and pressure to push the elements together and overcome the electromagnetic force
Ingredients: hydrogen |
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What is the energy source for prostars?
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Gravitational potential
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What is the energy source for main sequence?
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Fusion of Hydrogen and Helium
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Which one is more dense? Oceanic or Continental crust?
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Oceanic.... closer you get to the center of the earth, the more dense you are.
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When can we use superposition?
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To do relative dating NOT ABSOLUTE
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When did dinosaurs live?
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During Mesozoic Rock
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Paleozoic Rock
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Clams
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As you get away from a mid oceanic ridge it gets.....
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Thicker and older
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