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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compression rock stress
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folds, reverse and thrust faults
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Tension rock stress
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normal faults
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Shearing rock stress
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faulting along planes
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What are the three types of rock stress?
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compression, tension and shearing
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Strike and dip
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-measure orientation of rocks
-strike:horizontal plane -dip:vertical plane |
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Monocline
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One sided bends, slight bend in strata
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Anticline
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up arched folds, bend upward make an arch, frown face
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Syncline
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down arch, smiley face
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Joint
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fractures with no displacement of rock
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Dome
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rock layers dip upward,get older from outside in.
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Basin
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dip downwards towards the center
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
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Principle of Isostasy
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mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
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Davis Mountains
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Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
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Cascade Mts.
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Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
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Grand Tetons
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N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
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Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
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Rocky Mt.
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-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
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____ of movement
____ of movement and ____ of material being moved 3 characteristics of Mass Wasting |
Rate, Type, Type
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Basin
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dip downwards towards the center
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
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Principle of Isostasy
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mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
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Davis Mountains
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Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
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Cascade Mts.
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Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
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Grand Tetons
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N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
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Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
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Rocky Mt.
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-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
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____ content, ____ cover, geology and ____ stability influence mass wasting
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water, vegatative, slope
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Basin
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dip downwards towards the center
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
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Principle of Isostasy
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mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
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Davis Mountains
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Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
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Cascade Mts.
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Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
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Grand Tetons
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N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
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Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
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Rocky Mt.
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-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
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___ Fall and ____
Flows ___clays Soli___ Creeps |
rock, slides
Quick fluction |
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Rock falls and Slides:
Talus: occurs along ___ canyons, ____ and ____ |
steep , cliffs and roadcuts
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Rock falls and Slides:
Slumps: move along ___ surface |
curved
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Flows Types:
Mudflows: __% silt and __% water |
50, 30
follow existing channels |
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Flows Types:
Debris Flows:___ size particles |
hardly any water, not confined to pre-existing channels
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Flows Types:
Earth Flows: ____ from upper part of hillside |
slumps
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Quickclays: ____ liquification
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sponteous liquification
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Solifluction: slow downslope movement of ___ saturated in surface ____
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water, sediment
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Creeps: _____ destructive, ___ ,____ to control
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extremely, slowest, difficult
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Complex movements:
___ flow ___ avalanche |
several recognized movement types are involved in mass movement
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Rock falls and Slides:
Talus: occurs along ___ canyons, ____ and ____ |
steep , cliffs and roadcuts
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___ Fall and ____
Flows ___clays Soli___ Creeps |
Rock, slides
quick fluction |
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Rock falls and Slides:
Slumps: move along ___ surface |
curved
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Flows Types:
Mudflows: __% silt and __% water |
50, 30
follow existing channels |
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Flows Types:
Debris Flows:___ size particles |
hardly any water, not confined to pre-existing channels
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Flows Types:
Earth Flows: ____ from upper part of hillside |
slumps
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Quickclays: ____ liquification
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sponteous liquification
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Solifluction: slow downslope movement of ___ saturated in surface ____
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water, sediment
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Creeps: _____ destructive, ___ ,____ to control
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extremely, slowest, difficult
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Complex movements
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several recognized movement types are involved in mass movement
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Basin
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dip downwards towards the center
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Exotic Terrane
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separated by faults,
different history evident in rocks |
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Principle of Isostasy
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mountain building and erosion,crust sinks due to wieght of mountain on top crust
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Davis Mountains
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Texas, paleozoic, marine sediments
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Cascade Mts.
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Youngest
Ring of Fire Volcanically Active inc: mt. st hel mt. ranier crater lake |
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Grand Tetons
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N.Wyoming to Arizona, once flat seabed, 3,000 ft below is granite
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Smoky Mt/Appalachian
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Oldest in N.A.
Marine and volcanic rocks round Paleozoic |
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Rocky Mt.
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-formed b/c low angle subduction zone
-thrust & horst graben fault |
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____ content, ____ cover, geology and ____ stability influence mass wasting
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water, vegatative, slope
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____ of movement
____ of movement and ____ of material being moved 3 characteristics of Mass Wasting |
Rate, Type, Type
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Minimize Mass Wasting:
____ stability ___ ____ control measures |
slope stability maps: where to place things
water control measures: drain high areas |
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Crater
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depression on top volcanoe
bowl shaped filled with water/other |
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Calderas
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collapse of the roof of magma chamber
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Diatremes
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breccia filled volcanic pipes formed by gas explosions
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Resurgent Caldera
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The largest of all volcanic eruptions,
They are produced when large pools of viscous rhyolitic magma explode to the surface. |
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Kimberlite Pipes
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Diamonds
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Hawaiian Eruption:
___ violent ___ fluid ___ & AA ___ less pyroclastic material |
non violent
very Pahoehoe 1/2 |
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Fissure Eruption:
Occur at ___ ___ violent |
MORs
non-violent |
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Strombolian Eruptions:
_____ explosion eruptions ___ gases occur every ___ minutes ____ become rounded |
intermittent
volcanic, few volcanic bombs |
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Phreatic Eruption:
___ lava ejection ___ amounts of ash ___ eruption ___ famous eruption caused by ___ |
minimal
intense violent groundwater Krakatoa |
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Vulcanian Eruption:
___ explosive ___ loud explosive ___ clearing vent |
very
extremely throat |
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Plinian Eruption:
most ___ of eruption ___ flows and lahars and volcanic ___ common Mt. ___ Mt. St. ___ |
violent
Pyroclastic, domes Vesuvius Helens |
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Most Abundant volcanic gases:
___ vapor ___ dioxide ___ dioxide |
water
carbon sulfur |
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Less Abundent Volcanic gases:
____ sulfide, chloride, flouride ___ ___ monoxide |
hydrogen
helium carbon |
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Various Volvanic Hazards:
___ & ___ |
lahar: rock and water fragment
tsunami: large seismic wave |
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Hotspots move over ___
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plates
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Hawaiian Islands:
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1. Kohala
2. Mauna Kea 3. Hualalai 4. Mauna Loa 5. Kilauea |
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The oldest rocks on Kauai and Hawaii are ___ years old
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5.5 myo
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Loihi Seamount:
next ___ in Hawaiian Chain |
island
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A geyser is a ____ that periodically erupt, throwing water into the air.
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hot spring
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Heat for geysers come from ______ near the surface of the earth.
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heated rock
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Three components of Geyser:
______ of water ______ heat source ______ plumbing system |
abundent supply
adequate unique |
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Yellowstone Nat'l Park Geysers:
active ___ dormant ___ extinct ___ |
513
164 7 |
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Cone Geyser:
____ cone indicates older shoot water ___ or more in air |
larger
10s of ft |
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Fountain Geyser:
____ on surface that fills before eruption geysers erupt ____ |
pool
all around |
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Fumaroles
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hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface
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Mud Pot
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sulfuric acid dissolves nearby rock making wet muddy clay.
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Famous Upper Geyser Basin Geysers:
___ Pool ___ Geyser ___ Geyser Old ___ Geyser |
crested
grand daisy faithful |
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Crested Pool Geyser:
___ type fatal b/c____ |
pool
killed one human |
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Grand Geyser:
___ types Interval around 8-__ hrs height 150-___ ft duration __-12 min. |
fountain
12 180 10 |
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Daisy Geyser:
___ type 120-___ min __-75 ft |
cone
200 60 |
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Old Faithful Geyser:
___ type 35- ___ min avg time btwn eruptions ___ __- 184 ft |
cone
110 90 |
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Echinus Geyser:
__ type 80- __ ft 5 and __ min |
fountain
125 15 |
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Steamboat Geyser:
___ geyser in Norris Basin ___ type maj. erupt soar ___ ft 4 days- __yr |
tallest
cone 400 50 |
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Body Waves:
___ waves ___ waves |
P
S |
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P waves
(primary) |
fastest: 6k/m sec
travel through solids, liquids and gases in all directions |
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S waves
(secondary) |
slower than p 3.5km/s
travel through solids shear/transverse waves |
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Surface Waves:
___ & ___ waves |
L
R |
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L waves
(love or long) |
travel below grounds surface
slower than body waves horiz. transverse manner |
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R waves
(Raleigh) |
move earth in an elliptical or vertical manner
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Focus
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point within earth where faulting begins
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epicenter
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point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth
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___ # of seismographs needed
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3
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Elastic Rebound Theory:
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rocks bend until strength of rock is exceeded.
energy released |
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Seismographs
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record earthquake events
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Seismologist
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scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves
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Tsunami
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series of siesmic waves get generated when water in lake or ocean is rapidly displaced on massive scale
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What various geologic events can cause Tsunamis to form?
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1. Earthquakes
2. Landslides 3. Volcanic Eruptions 4. Meteorite Impacts |
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Why does a tsunami grow as it gets closer to shore?
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displace water from bottom of ocean basin where displacement of fault occurs.
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Sumatra Tsunami: Dec. 04
___ rating subduction zone at ___ and ___ plates ___ below sea level earth wobble ___ cm |
9.15
India and Burma 18.6 2.5 |
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What does DART stand for?
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Deep ocean
Assessment and Report of Tsunamis |
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1960 Chili Earthquake: largest
___ rating 2,000 ___ $___ damage |
9.5
killed 550 mill |
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1964 Prince William Sound: 2nd largest
___ rating Good ___ ___ in Anchorage ___ formed |
9.2
Friday landslides tsunamis |
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1906 The Great SF earthquake:
__ rating san __ fault $___ damage ___ burned for days |
8.3
andreas 400 million fires |
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New Madrid, Missouri Earthquake
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more earthquakes than any other part of the us
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Shield Volcano:
___ or fattest Mt. ____ |
largest
Kilauea |
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Cinder Cone Volcano:
____ single ___ ___ shaped crater at summit ___ , NM |
simplest
vent bowl Bahara |
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Composite/Stratovolcano:
most ___ multiple ___ viscous ____ Mt. St. ___ |
complex
vents lava Helens |
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destructive
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heavy furniture falls
walls crumble |
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very strong
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ppl fall over
walls crack |
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Strong
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nearly every1 feels
light furniture falls over |
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Great
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8
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Rare Great
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9
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Major
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7
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Strong
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6
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Mico quake
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1
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Very Minor
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2
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Minor
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3
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VEI 0: non explosive
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10 tho. m of lava and ash
kileaua eruption |
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VEI 1: gentle eruption
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100g/1mill lava and ash
strombolian eruption |
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VEI 2: explosive eruption
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1 mill-10 mill of lava and ash
vulcanian eruption |
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VEI 4: Catacylsmic Eruption
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1 bill lava and ash
weak Plinian eruption |
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VEI 5: Paroxysmal Eruption
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10 bill lava and ash
Mt st helens |
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VEI 6: Colossal Eruption
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100 bill lava and ash
Krakatoa and Vesuvius |
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VEI 7: Super Collossal Eruption
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1 trillion lava and ash
tambora |
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VEI 8: Mega Collossal Eruption
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10 trill lava and ash
Yellowstone 2mya |
