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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a mineral?
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a naturally occurring, homogenous, inorganic solid
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What is the hardness of a mineral? (H)
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resistance to abrasion or scratching
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What is the name of the hardness scale used to test minerals and what is the order of the 10 minerals in it?
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Mohs' Hardness Scale
1. talc 2. gypsum 3. calcite 4. flourite 5. apatite 6. feldspar 7. quartz 8. topaz 9. corundum 10. diamond |
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What is cleavage?
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a break that occurs in specific directions along planar surfaces (planar weakness)
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What is tenacity?
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the toughness of a mineral
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What is a fracture in a mineral?
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a break that occurs in relatively random directions
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What characterizes the chemical bonding of a mineral that fractures?
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chemical bonding that is of approximately equal strength in all directions
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What are the 6 types of cleavage and what minerals are included in each?
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cubic - halite, galena
octahedral - fluorite dodecahedral - sphalerite rhombohedral - calcite prismatic - pyroxene, amphibole, feldspar basal - gypsum, biotite, muscovite, chlorite |
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What is streak?
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the color of the powdered mineral
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What is more reliable--streak or color?
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streak
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What is luster?
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the way in which a mineral reflects light
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What are the 7 types of lusters and what do they mean?
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1. adamantine - brilliant play of colors
2. resinous - luster of resin 3. vitreous - glassy 4. pearly - iridescent, shiny 5. silky - shiny and fibrous 6. greasy, waxy - as if coated with oil or wax 7. earthy - dull and powdery |
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Which minerals characterize the 7 different lusters?
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1. adamantine - diamond,
sphalerite 2. resinous - garnet 3. vitreous - quartz, some halite 4. pearly - talc 5. silky - some gypsum 6. greasy, waxy - serpentine 7. earthy - kaolinite |
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Which mineral reacts vigorously with acid?
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Calcite
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What is an igneous rock?
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a solidified liquid
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What are silicates?
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minerals that contain both silicon and oxygen
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What percent of the earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals?
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over 90%
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What are felsic rocks?
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light colored igneous rocks
includes: quartz, potassium feldspar, sodium-rich plagioclase, muscovite, and sometimes biotite |
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What are mafic rocks?
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dark colored igneous rocks
includes: olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and calcium plagioclase |
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What is the name of the reaction series that shows which minerals solidify at different temperatures?
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Bowen's Reaction Series
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What are sedimentary rocks?
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rocks formed from the accumulation of fragments of previously existing rocks or from chemical compounds that have been precipitated from water or secreted by an organism
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Are fractures regular or irregular?
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irregular
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What do you call sedimentary rocks composed of rock and mineral fragments?
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clastic (quartz, feldspars) or detrital
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What do you call sedimentary rocks that precipitated from water or were formed by the accumulation of biogenic materials?
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chemical (dolomite, calcite)or non-detrital
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What do you call sedimentary rocks formed from evaporation?
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evaporites or chemical (gypsum, halite)
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What are metamorphic rocks?
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previously existing rocks of any type that have been exposed to increased temperature and/or pressure
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What do you call rocks rich in quartz and feldspar, and what type of sedimentary rock are they?
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quartzofeldspathic, clastic
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What kind of composition do aluminum-rich minerals (biotite, muscovite, feldspar, garnet) have?
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pelitic composition
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What kind of composition do rocks characterized by calcium-rich minerals (calcite, dolomite, some garnets, some pyroxenes, some amphiboles, calcium-rich plagioclase) have?
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calcic composition
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What is the economic use of biotite?
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electrical insulators
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What is the economic use of serpentine?
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asbestos
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What is the economic use of chlorite?
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none
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What is the economic use of quartz?
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glass, sandpaper, watches
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What is the economic use of olivine?
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refractories, peridot (gem quality)
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What is the economic use of garnet?
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abrasives & gemstones
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What is the economic use of kaolinite?
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ceramics, fine china
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What is the economic use of muscovite?
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fireproofing material
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What is the economic use of potassium feldspar?
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porcelain, glass, glaze
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What is the economic use of plagioclase feldspar?
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porcelain, glass, glaze
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What is the economic use of amphibole?
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asbestos
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What is the economic use of talc?
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ceramic, paper, talcum powder
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What is the economic use of pyroxene?
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none
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What is the order of the discontinuous bowen's reaction series?
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olivine--pyroxene--amphibole--biotite
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What three minerals are residues in the bowen's reaction series?
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potassium feldspar, muscovite, quartz (felsic rocks do not dissolve easily and solidify at low temperatures)
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