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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earthquakes are caused by the ________ ________ of _______ _______ during the ________ and _________ of _______ .
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sudden release, stored energy, fracture, displacement, rock
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Fault
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surface of displacement
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What does seismo mean?
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shaking
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Plate tectonics applies _______ _______ to rocks, which rocks respond to by _________ which causes _________ .
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shear stress, straining, deformation
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Focus
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point on the fault where displacement and energy release is greatest
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Epicenter
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point on Earth's surface directly above the focus
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Three types of earthquakes
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P, S, surface
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The "P" in P-waves stand for _________ .
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primary
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P-wave
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- fastest EQ wave
- body wave - compressional wave |
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Body wave
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travels through the interior of the Earth
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Compressional wave
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direction of material motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation
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The "S" in S-waves stands for _________ .
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secondary
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S-wave
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-shear wave
-slower than P-waves -body wave |
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Shear wave
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direction of material motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
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Surface wave
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-causes the greatest amount of destruction
-arrive at the seismograph last -travels at the Earth's surface -two types of wave motion (shear and rolling) |
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The horizontal axis of the seismograph is _________ .
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time
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The critical measurement of seismographs is _________-_________ _________ _________ .
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S-P travel time
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S-P travel time is used in conjunction with a ________-________ ________ .
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travel-time graph
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EQ epicenters are mostly confined to _______ _______ known as ________ ________ .
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narrow bands, plate boundaries
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The Richter scale is an attempt to assess the ________ ________ ________ and is a ________ ________ of the EQ.
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energy release, numerical magnitude
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The Mercalli intensity scale is an attempt to assess the ________ _______ ________ ________ and is a _______ _________ of the EQ.
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affects on human life, qualitative magnitude
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The nonogram graphically determines the _________ .
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magnitude
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Seismic moment
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shear strength of rock * area of rupture *
average displacement |
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For each step up in magnitude on the seismic moment magnitude scale, the energy release goes up by a ________ of ________ .
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factor, 32
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The modern version of the Richter scale is the ________ ________ ________ ________ .
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seismic moment magnitude scale
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The Mercalli intensity scale measures the effects on ________ and ________ and is measured in ________ levels from _________ and _________ .
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people, structures, qualitative, I, XII
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The damage is greatest near the ____________ .
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epicenter
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Tsunamis are ________ ________ ________ sea _________ .
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very long period, waves
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Tsunamis are triggered by ________ ________ ________ that ________ ________ of ________ ________ .
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very large earthquakes, alter shape, ocean basin
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Tsunamis __________ dramatically in ___________ water.
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steepen, shallower
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A large tsunami can produce damage across an entire ________ ________ .
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ocean basin
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