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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each layer or rock is older than the layer above it and younger than the rock layer below it. N Steno
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Law of Superposition
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Layers of rock extend in all directions
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Law of lateral Extension
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vertical succession of facies reflects lateral changes in environment
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Law of succession of Facies
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Earth's landscape developed over long periods of time through a variety of slow geologic and metamorphic processes. Hutton
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Principle of Uniformitarianism
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Sedimentary rocks are originally deposited in a horizontal manner
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Law of Origanl Horizontality
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Rock that crosses another rock must have crossed origianl rock AFTER the original was initially deposited
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Law of cross cutting relationship
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rise in sea level
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transgression
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Sea level drops
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regression
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Gap in the rock record
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uncomformity
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tilted sed. strata on bottom and younger horizontal sedimentary layers on top
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angular uncomformity
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parallel sedimentary beds above and below
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disconformity
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deposition of younger sed beds creates new rock layers on top of eroded igneous and meta. rock outcrops
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nonconformity
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fault that looks like a frown
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anticline
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fault that looks like a smile
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syncline
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fault that looks like a wavy line
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monocline
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fault that looks like up and down stair steps
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horst and graben
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trapped in pine resin and later turn into amber
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amber preservation
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large animals may become trapped in oily tar like asphalt
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tar pit preservation
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soft parts of organism may be preserved
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mummification
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steep valley walls scoured by glaciers
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u shaped valleys or troughs
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cut off ridges that extend into preglacial calley
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truncated spurs
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steep wall embayments
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fiords
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floor is at higher level than main valley, waterfalls
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hanging valleys
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bowl shaped depression
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cirque
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glaciers erode backwards and leave narrow ridge in between
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Aretes
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extremely steep walled peaks
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horns
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cirques contain these small lakes called
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tarms
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runaway rock
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glacial erratic
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unstratified sediments deposited directly by glacial ice
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glacial till
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layered and displays evidence of sorted sediments
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striated drift
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pile of rubble, long ridge like
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end moraines
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glacier retreats and deposit sediment, irregular topography
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ground moraines
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retreat and begin to stabilize again
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recessional moraines
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deposited by Pleistocene flacier at greatest advance stage
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terminal moraine
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valley glaciers start melting
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lateral moraine
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till reshaped elongated hill
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drumlin
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melted water rich in sediment
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outwash
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conical hills w/stratified drift
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Kames
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ridges of stratified drift/tributaries
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Eskers
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rafted into lakes by ice blocks from glaciers
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dropstones
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plucks off pieces of rock
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roche moutonne
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bedrock eroded by glacial ice looks polished
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abrasion and glacial polish
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abrasion causes straight scratches
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striations and grooves
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glacial ice freezes in cracks of bedrock
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plucking
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compaction of snow/elimination of pore space
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firn
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A drainage basin where rain and snow melt into common body of water
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watershed
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Each watershed basin is separated topographically
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watershed divide
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Waterway transmits water through landscape from higher area
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river
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Streams Shallowest Point
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point bar
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Bank where erosion is concentrated
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cutbank
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Flat land adjacent to Fluvial System
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floodplain
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Curving of Sinuous Path
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meandering streams
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Decrease in stream velocity, sediment is deposited on floor of channel
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braided stream
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U shaped water body
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oxbow lake
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stretch of river or creek in which water depth is above average
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pool
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Shallow stretch of river or stream where velocity picks up
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riffle
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Furthest upstream tributaries of a river
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headwaters
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Where it feeds into a river
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mouth
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Mouth of river flows into a ocean sea estuary or lake
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delta
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Aquifer that is of primary economic importance to a region
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primary aquifer
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Aquifer not relied on as a primary source of drinking water
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secondary aquifer
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Aquifer separated from other aquifers and land surfaces by a confining rock layer
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confined aquifer
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Layer of geologic material which hampers the movement of water into and out of an aquifier
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aquitard
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Aquifers that are not below a confining layer
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unconfined aquifer
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Allowers groundwater to partially fill the aquifer and allow upper surface of the groundwater called the water table to freely rise and fall based on recharge
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unconfined layer
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Top of a unconfined aquifer below which the pore spaces are generally saturated
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water table
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Aquifer where groundwater body is separated from the main froundwater below it by an impremeable layer
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perched aquifer
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Aquifer must have 4 characteristics to work:
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porosity
permeability recharge discharge |
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Allows water to replenish an aquifers water recourses through groundwater percolation
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recharge
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Water headed below root zone to go into a aquifer
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percolation
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Ratio of volume of voids to the volume of aquifer material
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porosity
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Capacity of porous rock sediment or soil to transmit groundwater
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permeability
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movement of groundwater from an aquifer to the Earth's surface into a surface water body
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discharge
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-Tx S most extension of aquifer
-Partially covers 8 states -Agriculture -10 mya |
Ogallala Aquifer
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-Limestone
-Unique and most prolific artesian groundwater systems in the world |
Edward's Aquifer
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-Supplies groundwater for Waco area
-Stephenville recharge zone -Dropped 400 ft since 70s |
Trinity aquifer
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Underground drainage system
-Carbonic Acid -forms caves and caverns |
Karst Topography
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-moves from higher elevation to lower elevation
-higher head to lower head pressure -follows topography of the land |
groundwater
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Spits completely grow across water so they close off bay
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baymouth bar
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Sand deposits form as waves bent around island
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tombolo
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-Long narrow island of sand deposits form short distance off shore
-South Padre Island |
barrier island
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Fossil evidence of prokaryotic life that remains alive today found in Shark Bay, Australia and Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas
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stromatolite
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What are fingerlike projections?
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spits
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What are the different types of coral reefs?
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fringing, barrier reef, atoll and pinnacle
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What coral is extinct?
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tabulate and rugose
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What is scallarett tennan?
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todays corals
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-Depression or hole caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water
-Wink Sink: continues to grow today |
Sinkhole
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-100 mya
-Experienced uplift and karsting 25 mya |
Natural Bridge Caverns
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-Ordivician caves
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Longhorn Caverns
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must apply is use surface water, first in time first in right
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Texas Water Rights
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anyone can pump as much groundwater as they want from under their land as long as it's for beneficial use
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Right of Capture
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rise in sea level along coastline, most dangerous hurricane hazard
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storm surge
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over 74 mph, destrosy buildings debris flies and debris becomes flying missiles
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hurricane force winds
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widespread rain excess of 10 inches produces floods
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heavy rains
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How many hurricane names are retired?
Why are they retired? how soon re-used? |
64
legal reasons 10 |
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2005 retired hurricane names
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katrina
rita willma |
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Category 5
190 mph winds 22-25 ft storm surge develop Sapphir Simpson aug 69 |
Hurricane Camille
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category 5
160 mph winds charleston,SC sept 89 |
Hurricane Hugo
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category 5
175 mph s florida |
Hurricane Andrew
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tropical storm
5 days rain [37 in] learned how to adress Katrin |
Tropical Storm allison
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category 5
made landfall 8/29 6th strongest storm 3rd strongest landfall storm 175 mph wind 902 millibar |
Hurricane Katrina
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4th strongest storm
strongest tropical cyclone 180 mph wind 895 millibar C5 9/24/04 landfall |
Hurricane Rita
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Strongest storm EVER
C5 October 180 mph 882 mb |
Hurricane Wilma
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Which hurricane prompted the creation of the Sapphir-Simpson Scale?
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Hurricane Camille
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Downslope movement of material under gravity
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mass wasting
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steep angle slope can keep until gives in
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angle of repose
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what type of geology is mass wasting more common in?
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loose material
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Mass wasting classified by
___ of movement ___ of movement ___ of material being moved |
rate
type type |
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____ content, ____ cover, geology and ____ stability influence mass wasting
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water, vegatative, slope
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50% silt 30% H20 follow existing channels
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mudflows
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large size particles not alot of water not confined to existing channels
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debris flow
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slumps from upper part of hillside
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earth flow
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spontaneous liquification
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quickclays
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slow downslope movement of water saturated surface sediment
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solifluction
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slowest, extremely destructive
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creep
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talus, slumps, rock or block slides
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rock and fall slides
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involve several type of mass movement
ex: debris avalanches and slide flow? |
complex movements
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Rip Rap, Seawall, Jetty, Sand replenishment, Special Fencing
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reduce coastal erosion
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crust is relieved of weight when mountain erodes
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isostastic rebound
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paleozoic mts
marine sediments lgst mtn range in tx |
Davis Mt., in West Tx
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youngest mtn range
created by ring of fire cretaceous/tertiary cordilleran belt |
Cascade Mt
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once flat sed. seabed
underneath granite precambrian granite uplifted |
Grand Teton
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low angle subduction zone
thrust and horst graben fault cordilleran belt |
Rock Mt.
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oldest mt
paleozoic rounded |
Appallachian mt.
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Shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface caused by the sudden release of energy.
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earthquake
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point within earth where faulting begins
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focus
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The point directly above the focus on the surface of the earth
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epicenter
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measures the amount of earth shaking
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Richter Scale
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measure of the kind of damage done
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“Modified” Mercalli Intensity Scale
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P or Primary Waves
S or Secondary Waves |
Body Waves
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R waves: Vertical
L Waves: Horizontal |
Surface Waves
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Fastest seismic waves
compressional wave solids, liquids, or gases |
“P” Waves
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Slower than P waves
solids |
S waves
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Travel just below or along the ground’s surface.
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L&R waves
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9.5
1960 Tsunamis were generated due to earthquake |
Chile Earthquake
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9.2
1964 Good Friday |
Alaska Prince William Sound Earthquake
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1906
Ruptured 430 kilometers San Andreas fault 8.3 |
San Francisco Earthquake
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subduction zone India Plate and Burma Plate
9.15 Focus 18.6 miles blw sea level 10 min 50 feet lateral offset 750 miles transform fault at subduction trench |
2004 Sumatra Tsunami
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cone
lgr cone older shoot water 10s of feet in air |
cone geyser
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pool on surface
geysers erupt in burst go everywhere |
fountain geyser
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Abundant supply of water
Adequate heat source Unique plumbing system |
3 requirements for geyser
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where are these geysers located?
Crested Pool Grand "fountain" Daisy "cone" Old Faithful "cone" |
Famous Upper Geyser Basin
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Where are these geysers located
echinus "fountain" steamboat "cone" |
Norris Geyser Basin
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What is the tallest geyser in the Norris Basin?
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Steamboat
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A hot spring that boils off all its water before the water reaches the surface
"rotten egg" smell |
Fumaroles
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fumarole emerges under surface water
sulfuric acid dissolves nearby rock making muddy clay. |
Mud Pots
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prolonged volcanism on earth
crustal heating from magma plumes |
hot spot
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oldest island of Hawaii
oldest rocks 0.7 myo new rocking being formed today pacific plate moving over 70 mill yr |
Hawaiian Ridge Emperor Seamounts Chain
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summit 3000 m off bott of ocean
sporadic volcanism |
Lohi Seamount
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oldest island of Hawaii
5.5 myo |
Kauai
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moves over the hot-spots.
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plates
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have between 45% - 55% silica content.
dark least violent 1000-1200 deg |
Mafic Magmas
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55% - 65% silica content
grey fairly violent 900-1100 degrees |
Intermediate Magmas
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more than 65% silica content
light most violent 800-1000 degrees |
Felsic Magmas
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collapse of the roof of a magma chamber due to removal of magma
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Caldera
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Breccia filled volcanic pipes form by gas explosions
uranium |
Diatreme
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Kimberlite Pipes
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diamonds
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simplest volcano
circular or oval bowl shaped steep hill |
Cinder Cone Volcano
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complex
viscous strato volcano steep sides very tall |
Composite Volcano
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large base
very broad basaltic lava Kilauea |
Shield Volcano
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Least violent of eruptions
Highly basaltic lava flows Produces ½ less pyroclastic material |
Hawaiian Eruption
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not very violent eruptions.
Found along fracture zones. fluid basaltic lava line of vents that cause an eruption |
Fissure Eruption
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intermittent explosion
release of volcanic gases partially molten volcanic bombs |
Strombolian Eruption
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minimal lava intense ash
groundwater flashing to stream precursor of a violent plinian eruption |
Phreatic Eruption
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Most violent type
Pyroclastic flows & lahars Large explosive events |
Plinian Eruption
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volcanic ash was over 20 miles tall
buried the towns of Pompeii & Herculaneum |
Mt. Vesuvius
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Formation of lava domes
Andesitic lava explosive eruption |
Mount St. Helens (1980
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deep summit caldera
lowered global temperatures by as much as 3° C. |
Tambora Eruption (1815)
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equal to 100 mega tons of TNT
catastrophic tsunami waves |
Krakatoa (1883)
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Mummification Preservation
Freezing Preservation Amber Preservation Tar Pit Preservation |
Unaltered Body Fossil
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Replacement
Recrystallization Carbonization Permineralization Petrification |
Altered Body Fossil
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molecule-by-molecule substitution of another mineral
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Replacement
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recrystallizes to more stable compounds
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Recrystallization
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preserves fossil plants or soft-bodied animals as a thin carbon film
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Carbonization
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filling of pores by the deposition of minerals
most common |
Pemineralization
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crystals grow in the spaces left behind by the dissolution of the cell walls.
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Petrification
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footprints
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tracks
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crawling traces
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trails
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excavations of animals
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Burrows
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holes made by an animal into shells, rock, wood, or hard sediment
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Borings
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polished stones from the gizzards of birds
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Gastroliths
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fossilized poop
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Coprolites
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form a with a treelike pattern along a rock
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dendrites
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Sponges
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Phylum Porifera
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Sea Moss
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Phylum Bryozoa
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Cnidarians
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Brachipods
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Phylum Brachiopoda
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Clam or Bivalve
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Phylum Mollusca
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Most successful
trilobite arthropoda |
Phylum Arthropoda
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Starfish/Sand Dollar
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Animals
Reptiles Amphibians Birds Fish Humans |
Phylum Chordata
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Who developed the theory and plate tectonics and how was it validated?
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Alfred Wegner,noticed worlds continents fit like a puzzle
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Which geologic period did the mega continent Pangea come together?
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Paleozoic
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___ plate subducting under S America Plate creating ___ Mts.
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Nazca
Andes |
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___ subducting under N Am plate creating ___ Mts.
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Juan De Fuca
Cascades |
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Which oceanic plates is forming the San Andreas Fault?
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Pacific and Phillipine Plate
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consolidated aggregate of mineral grains particles of other rocks or organic material
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Rock
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Father of Modern Geology
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James Hutton
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formed from the weathering of rocks and minerals
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soil formation
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Minerals are layered in rock
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Foliated
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Minerals are not layered in rock
granular |
Non Foliated
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original rock from which something else was formed
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Parent Rock
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Which major group has parent rocks?
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Metamorphic Rock
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Earths surface is covered with 75% of this rock...
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sedimentary
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Moh's Hardness Scale 1
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Talc
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Moh's Hardness Scale 2
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Gypsum
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Moh's Hardness Scale 3
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Calcite
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Moh's Hardness Scale 7
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Quartz
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Moh's Hardness Scale 10
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Diamond
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large crystals that are clearly visible to the eye
plutonic |
Phaneritic Texture
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small crystals that cannot be seen by the eye
volcanic |
Aphanitic Texture
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two minerals having a lg.difference in grain size.
phenocrysts volcanic |
Porphyritic Texture
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contains no mineral grains.
extremely rapid cooling volcanic |
Glassy Texture
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vesicles within igneous rock
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Vesicular Texture
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numerous grains or fragments to be welded together
Volcanic Tuff |
Pyroclastic Texture
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____ sedimentary rocks are made of pieces of rock or mineral grains
ex: Quartx sandstone |
Detrital
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Chemicals from the mineral mix with sediments on the oceanfloor crystallize and grow around sediment
ex: Chert and flint |
Chemical
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formed by the accumulation of microscopic marine calcite fossils
ex. coal |
BioChemical
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-where wind or water flows
-sand or gravel on bed of the system -shows by crossing of strata |
crossbedding
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progressive decrease in grain size upward through hte bed
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graded bedding
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due to movement in water and mark is left behind
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ripple mark
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cast of a depression on the top surface of the immediately underlying rock bed.
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sole mark
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Which crust of the earth is more dense?
Why? |
Oceanic Crust, because the crust is made of more dense material
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-Rocks change into other rocks throughout geologic time
-material rocks are made from stays the same, but rocks constantly change. |
Rock Cycle
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When did prokaryotes appear?
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3.5 billion years ago
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When did Eukaryotes appear? when they diversified?
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-1.6 - 2.1 billion years ago
-1.2 billion years ago with red alga |
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___ Banding Diseas
-tissue loss 5 mm per day -sloughs off tissue |
White
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___ Banding Disease
-eats away zooxanthellae |
Black
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____ Reef Bleaching
-occurs when zooxanthellae is eaten away |
Coral
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rugose,tabulate,scleractinian corals appeared during the ____ period 230 mya
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Triassic
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How old is the universe and earth in billions of year?
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earth: 4.5 bill years
universe: 8-12 bill yrs |
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Erosion can remove rock layers that were once deposited and erases from the rock record forever
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Unconformity
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1.Pacific Ocean
2.Atlantic Ocean 3.Indian Ocean 4.Southern Ocean 5.Artic Ocean |
5 major world oceans from largest to smallest
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This ocean contains
Petroleum and gas fields, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones |
Atlantic Ocean
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This ocean contains placer deposits/oil production/petroleum/heavy minerals
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Indian Ocean
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This ocean contains oil and gas fields/placer deposits
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Southern Ocean
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Petroleum and gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates
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Artic Ocean
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Age of the Reptile
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Mesozoic
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Age of the Mammals
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Cenozoic
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Puerto Rico Trench
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Carribbean
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Marianas Trench
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Pacific Ocean
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Llano uplift
Town mountain granite |
Enchanted Rock
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El Capitan: permian aged corals
250 myo |
Guadalupe Nat'l Park
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Sulfuric acid carved out limestone
same reef material of El Capitan |
Carlsbad Caverns
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Youngest lava flow in US
Malpaid Lava Flow |
Valley of Fires
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ice caves
cindercone volcano basaltic |
Bandera Volcano
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nickel iron meteorite
highly studied because well preserved |
Meteor Crater
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pertrified forest
best geologic and fossils records |
Painted desert
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4x harder than granite
colorful b/c of impurities 225 myo Triassic |
Petrified Forest
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faulting uplift Colorado Plateau
verde river Sedona red rock |
Oak Creek Canyon
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10 major rock layers
colorado river Great Unconformity:all 3 types |
Grand Canyon
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Best preserved cross bedding of navajo sandstone
virgin river |
Zion Canyon
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Hoodoos
Claron Formation free and thaw cycle joints and fractures |
Bryce Canyon
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flash flooding
navajo sandstone 2 canyons: Upper and Lower most photographed |
Antelope Canyon
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volcanic dikes and necks
erupted 30 myo mafic igneous |
Shiprock Monument
|
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*20-30 degrees C*
temp increases/depth at rate in earth's crust |
Geothermal Gradient
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1. Weathering
2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Compaction 5. Lithification |
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
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Sandstone
Conglomerate & Breccia Shale |
Major types of Clastic Rocks
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Slate
Phyllite Schist Gneiss |
Examples of Foliated Rocks
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