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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal skull - normocephalic is called?
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Mesocephalic
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Skull with shortened ant-post diameter?
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Brachycephalic head
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Elongated skull in ant-post axis?
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Dolichocephalus
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Congenitally small skull?
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Microcephaly
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Microcephaly often associated with?
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Brain dysfunction and brain retardation
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Abnormally large skull is called?
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Macrocephaly
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3 possible causes of macrocephaly?
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1. Hydrocephalus
2. Skull deformation in Pagets disease 3. Square skull |
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Cause of head enlargement in hydrocephalus?
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Increased intracranial pressure
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Osteitis deformans?
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Old name for Paget disease. Increased breakdown and remodelling of bone leading to increased size, fragility and pain
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What is calvarium?
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The skullcap
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Square skull is common in?
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Rickets - but not anymore due to rachitis prophylaxis with vit. D
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What is rachitis prophylaxis?
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Vitaminization of milk
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What is a skull that has a high pointed vertex called? (like an alien)
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Oxycephaly or turricephaly
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What is the sign in meningitis called, when head is dorsiflexed?
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Opisthotonus
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What is torticollis?
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Latin for twisted neck. Neck stuck in abnormal position, often sideways
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What can happen to head in parkinson disease?
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Tremors
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A synchronous nodding of head occurs in? What is the sign called?
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Aortic insufficiency.
Called Mussets sign |
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What is facies febrilis? When is it seen?
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A burning face with glossy eyes - resembles high fever
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What is facies pallida? When is it seen?
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Pale face. Sepsis, rheumatic fever, anemia, psychological stress
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What is facies myxoedematosa? When is it seen?
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Yellow, doughy skin with periorbital edema. Looks like a clown face. In myxedema / hypothyroidism
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What is facies mitralis?
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Typical face in mitral stenosis - a blush on cheecks, cyanotic hue, paleness around eyes, and acral parts of head
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What is facies abdominalis?
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Typical face in abdominal diseases. Sunken eyes, dry lips and tounge.
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What is hippocratica and when is it seen?
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Same as facies abdominalis. Especially peritonitis
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How is a cushingoid face?
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Like a moonface - rounded
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What is facies nephritica and when is it seen?
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Pale gray face, seen in long term hemodialysis patients
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How is the face in patients with polycythemia?
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Dark blue color of nose, lips, muc.mmbr, conjunctiva.
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What is vaquez-osler disease?
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Polycythemia vera - myeloproliferative disease where bone marrow produce too many RBCs
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How is the face in parkinson disease?
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Mask like, oily skin and sudden tremors possible
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How is facies acromegaly?
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Acral parts of face are enlarged
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Cause of acromegaly?
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Increased production of growth hormone in adulthood, usually a pituitary tumor
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Symptoms in face when a stroke has damaged a upper motor neuron of facial nerve? (central)
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Only 1 affected side - Flat nasolabial fold, and unable to whistle because of this
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Symptoms in face when facial nerve have been damaged? (peripheral)
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Same as above plus
- Not wrinkle forehead - Not tightly close eyes - Affected eye loose tone and tears |
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What is Bells palsy?
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Paralysis of facial nerve
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What is lagophtalmos?
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Rabbits eyes. Inability to close ones eye
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Where to palpate the innervation of face?
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3 exit points of trigeminal nerve
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Name the 3 branches of trigeminal nerve?
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1. Supraorbital nerve
2. Infraorbital nerve 3. Mental nerve |
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What is virilism?
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Presence of male secondary characteristics in female - like hair growth. Due to increased male sexual hormones, either overproduction or obesity (in fat it female sex hormones are transformed)
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When is loss of lateral eyebrows seen?
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Myxedema and thallium poisoning
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Latin name for eyelid inflammation?
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Blepharitis (blefaron)
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When is eyelid inflammation seen?
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Blepharitis and sometimes angioedema
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When is pigmentation seen on eyelids?
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Addisons disease and thyreotoxicosis
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What is Graves disease?
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Autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland leading to goiter
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Yellow spots on eyelids are called?
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Xanthelasma - fat deposition
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When is xanthelasma occuring?
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Biliary cirrhosis
Any lipid metabolism problem like - Hypercholesterolemia - Hyperlipidemia |
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Protrusion of eyeball(s) is called?
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Exophtalmos
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Exophtalmos is a symptom of?
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Thyrotoxicosis
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Cause of exopthalmos?
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Swelling of retrobulbar tissue due to increased TSH
Retraction of the eyelids |
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When is unilateral exopthalmos occuring?
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Tumors mostly
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What can be signs of intracranial venous thrombosis? (normally cavernous sinus)
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Unilateral exophtalmos
Congestive periorbital edema Swelling of conjunctiva |
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What is chemosis?
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Swelling of the conjunctiva
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Opposite of exophtalmos is?
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Enophthalmos
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What is the Horner syndrome?
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A triad of
1. Miosis 2. Ptosis 3. Unilateral enophthalmos |
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What is ptosis?
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Droop of the eyelid
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Additional sign in thyrotoxicosis - Graefe sign?
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Patient look down but eyelid do not follow globes
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Additional sign in thyrotoxicosis - Moebius sign?
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Eyes diverge upon near focusing
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Additional sign in thyrotoxicosis - Stellwag sign?
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Infrequent blinking and stare in thyrotoxicosis
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What is strabismus?
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Squinting of eyes
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When does strabismus occur?
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In paralysis of oculomotor mucles
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Strabismus can either be?
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Convergent or divergent
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When eyes move in a rapid jerky fashion it is called?
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Nystagmus
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Pale conjunctiva is found in?
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Anemia
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Purple conjunctiva is found in?
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Polycythemia
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Redness of conjunctiva is found in?
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Conjunctivitis
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Bloody suffusions (hematomas) in conjunctiva are found in?
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Bleeding disorders
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Dryness of conjunctiva is called?
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Xerophthalmia
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Xerophthalmia can be a sign of?
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Vitamin A deficiency
Sjogren syndrome |
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What is sjogren syndrome?
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Autoimmune disease against tear and salivary glands
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When is the sclera yellow?
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In jaundice
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What may cause blood on sclera?
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Bleeding under conjunctiva - subconjunctival bleeding - it spreads over the sclera
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Blue sclera is found in?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Brown spots of melanin on sclera is found in?
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Dark skinned people
Alkaptonuria |
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Gray band around cornea is found in?
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Older people
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What is arcus senilis?
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Grey band around cornea in older people
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Circular band of grown or green pigment around cornea is found in?
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Wilson disease - hepatolenticular degeneration
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What is Kayser-Fleischer ring?
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The ring of green or brown pigment around sclera in Wilson disease
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What is mydriasis?
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Dilation of pupil
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What is miosis?
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Constriction of pupil
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When may mydriasis occur?
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Damage to parasymp. inn. of eye
From drugs like atropine Darkness Sexual arousal Alertness |
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When may miosis occur?
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Damage to sympathetic innervation of eye, part of Horners triad
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What is anisocoria?
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Uneven diameter of pupils
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What is argyll-robertson pupils?
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Absence of reaction / contraction of pupils to light
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Argyll-robertson pupils is a typical sign for?
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Late stages of neurosyphilis
Brain damage (i think..) |
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What is epistaxis?
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Nosebleed
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Epistaxis may reflect?
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Local problem in nasal mucosa
Hypertension Bleeding disorders Uremia |
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Difference in secretion of rhinitis and allergic rhinitis?
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Allergic secretion is watery
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Ulcers or fissures in labial corners are called?
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Cheilosis or angular stomatitis
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When is cheilosis seen?
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Sideropenic anemias
Vitamin B deficiencies Caries |
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What is xerostomia?
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Dry mouth
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What is labialis?
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Cold sores- caused by herpes simplex virus
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Tounge is innervated by?
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Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
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What is glossoplegia?
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Paralysis of whole tounge - peripheral
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Difference in central and peripheral paralysis of hypoglossal nerve?
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In central only half of the tounge is affected
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When is macroglossia found?
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Acromegaly
Myxedema |
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What is color of tounge if hydration is sufficient?
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Pink
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When dehydrated, what color is tounge?
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Brownish coating
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When is the brownish coating seen otherwise?
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Uremia
Lung infections Abdominal emergencies |
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What is hunter glossitis? What is it caused by?
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Flat tounge
Atrophic papillae Red Ulcers Caused by pernicious anemia |
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What is pernicious anemia?
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Intrinsic factor absence, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Reason for xerostomia?
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Drugs like atropine
Sjorgens syndrome |
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What is Thrush?
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Candida albicans fungus seen in the mouth of patients with
- Broad spectrum ATB usage - Decreased immunity due to cancer, AIDS, leukemia |
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What are graphite spots?
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Bray-blue spots seen in buccal mucosa in Addison disease
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What is scurvy / scorbut?
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Bleeding gums due to vitamin C deficiency
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Necrosis of gums may be associated with?
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Acute leukemia
Agranulocytosis Bone marrow failure |
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Colored bands of gums may be a sign of?
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Intoxication with heavy metals like mercury, cadmium
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What is prognathia?
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Marked protrusion of upper jaw / maxilla
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What is progenia?
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Protrusion of mandible
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What is denture?
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False teeth
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Bad breath from mouth may be from?
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Dental caries
Gingivitis Decaying food Liver coma breath Uremic breath Diabetic breath Some lung processes (abscess, gangrene, bronchiectasis) Tumors of stomach Ileus Food retention |
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How is uremic breath?
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Smell of ammonia
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How is diabetic breath?
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Fruity due to acetone (ketone) from the ketoacidosis
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What is urate tophi?
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White spots on outer ear in gout patients
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