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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different groups of lymph nodes that drain the breast?
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• Central (deep within axilla)
• Pectoral (anterior): along the lower border of the pectoralis major • Subscapular (posterior): along the lateral border of the scapula • Lateral: along the upper humerus |
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What does spontaneous persistent nonlactation discharge that is blood or unilateral suggest?
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local breast disease from papilloma or possible breast cancer
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What are risk factors for breast cancer?
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• family history
• genetics (BRCA1 & BRCA2) |
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What are the characteristcs of nodules that need to be described and assessed if found during breast examination?
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• consistency
• delimitation: well circumscribed or not • location • mobility • size • shape • tenderness |
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A mobile mass that becomes fixed when the arm relaxes is attached to what?
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thr ribs and intercostal muscles
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What is hidradenitis suppuratuva?
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sweat gland infection
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What is acanthosis nigricans?
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• a deeply pigmented, velvety axillary skin
• associated with internal malignancy |
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Which nodes in the axilla are often the most palpable?
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the central nodes (against the chest wall)
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What is nonpuerperal galactorrhea?
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• milky discharge unrelated to a prior pregnancy and lactation
• leading causes are hormonal and pharmacologic |
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What are some visible signs of breast cancer?
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• retraction signs (abnormal contours, skin dimpling, nipple retraction and deviation)
• caused by shortening of scar tissue as breast cancer advances |
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Describe the peau d'orange sign
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• an edema of the skin produced by lymphatic blockade
• appears as thickened skin with enlarged pores • often seen first in the lower portion of the breast or areola |
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Describe Paget's Disease of the Nipple
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• an uncommon form of breast cancer, usually starts as a scaly, eczemalike lesion
• skin may weep, crust, or erode • breast mass may be present • should suspect in any persisting dermatitis of the nipple and areola |
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What are the 3 most common kinds of breast masses?
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• fibroadenoma (a benign tumor)
• cysts • breast cancer |
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What are clinical characteristics of fibroadenomas?
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• usual age: 15-25; usually puberty & young adulthood, but up to 55
• number: usually single; maybe multple • shape: round, disclike, or lobular • consistency: may be soft, usually firm • delimitation: well delineated • mobility: very mobile • tenderness: non-tender • retraction signs: absent |
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What are clinical characteristics of cysts?
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• usual age: 30-50; regress after menopause except w/ estrogen therapy
• number: single or multiple • shape: round • consistency: soft to firm; usually elastic • delimitation: well delineated • mobility: mobile • tenderness: often tender • retraction sign: absent |
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What are clinical characteristics of breast cancer?
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• usual age: 30-90; most common over 50 in middle-aged & elderly women
• number: usually single; although may coexist w/ other nodules • shape: irregular or stellate • consistency: firm or head • delimitation: not clearly delineated from surrounding tissues • mobility: may be fixed to skin or underlying tissues • tenderness: usually nontender • retraction sign: may be present |
