Physical Anthropology Quiz 4 Nancy Garr

Front 1

Anthropoids

Back 1

Members of a suborder of Primates, the Anthropoidea. Traditionally, the suborder includes monkeys, apes, and humans.

Front 2

Arboreal

Back 2

Tree-living; adapted to life in the trees.

Front 3

Bipedal

Back 3

Walking on two feet

Front 4

Brachiation

Back 4

A form of locomotion in which the body is suspended beneath the hands and support is alternated from one forelimb to the other; arm swinging.

Front 5

Callitrichids

Back 5

Family of New World Monkeys that includes marmosets and tamarins

Front 6

Cebids

Back 6

Family of New World Monkeys that includes squirrel monkeys, capuchins, etc.

Front 7

Cercopithecines

Back 7

The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes baboons, macaques, and guenons.

Front 8

Colobines

Back 8

The subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes the African colobus monkeys and Asian langurs.

Front 9

Diurnal

Back 9

Active during the day.

Front 10

Generalized

Back 10

Trait has variable functions. Organism suited to a broad niche in various habitats. Often involves retention of an ancestral trait or traits.

Front 11

Haplorhines

Back 11

Members of a suborder of Primates, the Haplorhini. Includes tarsiers, monkeys, and apes (including humans).

Front 12

Hominids

Back 12

Colloquial term for members of the family Hominidae, which includes all bipedal hominoids back to the divergences from African great apes.

Front 13

Hominoids

Back 13

Colloquial term for members of the superfamily of anthropoids that includes apes and humans.

Front 14

Ischial callosities

Back 14

Patches of tough, hard skin on the buttocks of Old World monkeys and chimpanzees.

Front 15

Morphology

Back 15

The form (shape, size) of anatomical structures; can also refer to the entire organism.

Front 16

Nocturnal

Back 16

Active during the night.

Front 17

Omnivorous

Back 17

Having a diet consisting of many food types (i.e., plant materials, meat, and insects).

Front 18

Prehensile

Back 18

Grasping, as by the hands and feet of primates.

Front 19

Primatology

Back 19

The study of the biology and behavior of nonhuman primates (prosimians, monkeys, and apes).

Front 20

Prosimians

Back 20

Members of a suborder of Primates, the Prosimii. Traditionally, the suborder includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.

Front 21

Quadrupedal

Back 21

Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion.

Front 22

Rhinarium

Back 22

The moist, hairless pad at the end of the nose seen in most mammalian species. The rhinarium enhances an animal's an animal's ability to smell.

Front 23

Sexual dimorphism

Back 23

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Front 24

Specialized

Back 24

Evolved for a particular function; usually refers to a specific trait (e.g., incisor teeth), but may also refer to the entire way of life of an organism.

Front 25

Strepsirhines

Back 25

Members of a suborder of Primates, the Strepsirhini. Includes lemurs and lorises.

Front 26

Terrestrial

Back 26

Adapted to living on the ground

Front 27

Affiliative

Back 27

Pertaining to amicable associations between individuals. Affiliative behaviors, such as grooming, reinforce social bonds and promote group cohesion.

Front 28

Autonomic

Back 28

Pertaining to physiological responses not under voluntary control. An example in chimpanzees would be the erection of body hair during excitement. An example in humans is blushing. Both convey information regarding emotional states, but neither is a deliberate behavior, and communication is not intended.

Front 29

Communication

Back 29

Any act that conveys information, in the form of a message, to another individual. Frequently, the result of communication is a change in the behavior of the recipient. Communication may not be deliberate but may be the result of involuntary processes or a secondary consequence of an intentional action.

Front 30

Displays

Back 30

Sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states. Nonhuman primate displays are most frequently associated with reproductive or agonistic behavior.

Front 31

dominance hierarchies

Back 31

Systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another. Higher-ranking individuals have greater access to preferred food items, and mating partners than lower-ranking individuals. Dominance hierarchies are sometimes referred to as “pecking orders.”

Front 32

Grooming

Back 32

Picking through fur to remove dirt, parasites, and other materials that may be present. Social grooming is common among primates and reinforces social relationships.

Front 33

K-selection

Back 33

Pertaining to an adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring, in whom they invest increased parental care. Although only a few infants are born, chances of survival are increased for each individual because of parental investments in time and energy. Examples of nonprimate K-selected species are birds and canids (e.g., wolves, coyotes, and dogs).

Front 34

r-selection

Back 34

Pertaining to an adaptive strategy that emphasizes relatively large numbers of offspring and reduced parental care (compared to K-selected species). (K-selection and r-selection are relative terms; e.g., mice are r-selected compared to primates but K-selected compared to many fish species.)

Front 35

reproductive strategies

Back 35

The complex of behavioral patterns that contributes to individual reproductive success. The behaviors need not be deliberate, and they often vary considerably between males and females.

Front 36

social structure

Back 36

The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals. Social structures, in part, are the results of natural selection in specific habitats, and they guide individual interactions and social relationships.

Front 37

sexual selection

Back 37

A type of natural selection that operates on only one sex within a species. It is the result of competition for mates, and it can lead to sexual dimorphism with regard to one or more traits

Front 38

territories

Back 38

Portions of an individual’s or group’s home range actively defended against intrusion, particularly by conspecifics.