Physical Anthropology

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hominins

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members of the evolutionary group including modern humans

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species

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homo sapiens - group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring.

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bipedally

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on two feet

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anthropology

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studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology (cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and physical, or biological)

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evolution

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change in genetic structure of a population.

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adaptation

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anatomical, physiological, or behavioral response of organisms or populations to the environment.

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macroevolution

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new species from genetic changes in pops especially when those pops are isolated from one another.

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microevolution

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genetic alterations within pops, causes pop of species to differ from one another

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culture

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set of learned behaviors transmitted from one generation to the next by nonbiological means

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notes about culture

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human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is influenced by biological factors.

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bicultural evolution

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evolution of human biology and culture

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four main subfields of anthropology

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cultural or social, archaeology, linguistic and physical or biological

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cultural anthropology

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study of patterns of belief and behavior found in modern and historical cultures

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archaeology

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study of earlier cultures by anthropologists who specialize in the scientific recovery, analysis, and interpretation of the material remains of past societies.

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artifacts - objects or materials made or modified for use by hominis.

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linguistic anthropology

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study of human speech and language

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physical (biological) anthropology

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study of human biology within the framework of evolution with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture. skin color, shape,human variation

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osteology

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study of skeleton

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paleopathology

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study of disease and trauma in ancient skeletons

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forensic anthropology

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approach dealing with legal matters

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primatology

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study of the living nonhuman primates

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applied anthropology

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practical use of anthropological theories and methods outside the academic setting

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applied

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career in medical and biological fields

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science

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method of gaining info to explain natural phenomena

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hypotheses

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provisional explanation of a phenomenon. require verification or falsification through testing

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empirical approach

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relying on experiment or observation

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scientific method

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approach to research whereby a problem is identified, hypothesis (very core) explanation stated and hypothesis is tested by collecting and analyzing data

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theory

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statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles that has been verified through the testing of hypotheses

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scientific

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testing precise repetition of an experiment to provide verification; procedure by which hypotheses and theories are verified, modified, or discarded

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evolution history

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first took place in western europe 16th century, borrowed ideas from arabs, indians and chinese

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charles darwin

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first to explain basic mechanics of evolutionary process. natural selection

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natural selection

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genetic change in frequencies of certain traits in pops due to different reproductive success between individuals (Darwin, also Wallace)

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fixity of species

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Christianity, notion that species, once created, can never change

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scientific revolution

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developed concepts of planetary motion and circumnavigation of globe

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copernicus

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challenged aristotle that earth was center of solar system. credited with orbiting sun.

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galileo galilei

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italian mathematician restated copernicus using logic and math to support his claim. confronted by high officials in church. under house arrest for nine yrs

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17th century

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discovery of principles of physics such as motion and gravity, microscope

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17th century john ray

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concept of species, recognized groups of plants and animals could be differentiated. reproductive isolated

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reproductive isolated

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genetic differences prevented from mating and producing offspring with members of other such groups

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carolus linnaeus

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binominal nomenclature- genus and species names used to refer to species. class and order, taxonomy- rules of classifying organisms on basis of evolutionary relationships (homo sapiens)

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georges-louis leclerc de buffon

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different regions have unique plants and animals

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Cuvier

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catastrophism- earths geological landscape is result of violent cataclysmic events

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thomas malthus

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inspired darwin and wallace. amount of resources influences population

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charles lyell

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founder of modern geology, geological uniformitarianism

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theory that earth's features are the result of long term processes that continue to operate in the present just as they did in the past. wind, earthquakes, flooding, water erosion

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darwin on the beagle

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galapagos islands, finches, natural selection, on the origin of species

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gregor mendel

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rules of heredity

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christian fundamentalists

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movement in american protestantism that began in the early 20th century. teachings of the bible infallible, scriptures to be taken literally

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cells

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fundamental units of life in all organisms

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eukaryotic cells

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structurally more complex cells, three dimensional structure composed of carbohydrates, lipids (fats), nucleic acids and proteins

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proteins

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three dimensional molecules. serve wide variety of functions b/c their ability to bind to other molecules

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molecules

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inside nucleus, contain the genetic info that controls cells functions, DNA and RNA

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DNA

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double stranded molecule that contains genetic code. Main component of chromosomes.

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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single stranded molecule similar to DNA. Three forms essential to protein synthesis: messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA

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cytoplasm

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surrounds nucleus, gel like substance, within cell membrane contains many other types of organelles involved in activities related to the function of the cell and organism

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protein synthesis

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manufacture of proteins, assembly of chains of amino acids into functional protein molecules. Directed by DNA

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organelles

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two include: ribosomes and mitochondria

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ribosomes

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structures composed of a form of RNA called ribosomal RNA and protein. found in cells cytoplasm and essential to manufacture of proteins

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mitochondria

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structures contained within cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that convert energy, derived from nutrients, to a form that can be used by the cell, produce energy, contain own DNA called mitochondrial DNA

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mitochondrial DNA

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inherited only from mother, found in the mitochondira

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types of cells

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somatic cells and gamates

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somatic cells

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basically, all the cells in the body except those involved with reproduction

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gametes

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reproductive cells (eggs and sperm in animals) developed from precursor cells in ovaries and testes

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types of gametes

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egg cells and sperm cells

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zygote

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a cell formed by the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. contains full complement of chromosomes (in humans, 46) and has the potential to develop into an entire organism

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DNA

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direct all cellular activities, 1953, composed of two chains of even smaller units called nucleotides, double stranded, double helix

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nucleotides

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basic units of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four DNA bases

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four bases of DNA

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adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

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DNA replication

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two kinds of cell division, replication begins when enzymes break the bonds between bases throughout the DNA molecule, separating the two previously joined strands of nucleotides and leaving their bases exposed

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enzymes

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specialized proteins that initiate and direct chemical reactions in the body

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protein synthesis

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one of most important activities of DNA, directing assembly of proteins

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hemoglobin

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protein molecule that occurs in red blood cells and binds to oxygen molecules

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hormones

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substances (usually proteins) that are produced by specialized cells and that travel to other parts of the body, where they influence chemical reactions and regulate various cellular functions

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proteins

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made up of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids

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amino acids

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small molecules that are the components of proteins, 20 total, 8 must be obtained from foods, others produced in cells

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messenger RNA

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form of RNA thats assembled on a sequence of DNA bases. carries the DNA code to the ribosome during protein synthesis

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transfer RNA

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form of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis

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mutation

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change in DNA, some proteins may not be made or may be defective

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gene

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sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, portion of protein, or any functional product

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regulatory genes

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genes that influence the activity of other genes, direct embryonic development and are involved in physiological processes throughout life

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chromosomes

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structures composed of DNA and proteins found only in the nucleus of cells.

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types of chromosomes

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autosomes and sex chromosomes

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autosomes

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all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes, carry genetic info that governs all physical characteristics, abnormal numbers can be fatal

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sex chromosomes

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in mammals the X and Y chromosomes

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chromosomes

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normal human somatic cells have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes,

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mitosis

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cell division in somatic cells, occurs during growth and development, repairs injured tissues and replaces older cells with new ones

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meiosis

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cell division in specialized cells in ovaries and testes. produces reproductive cells (gametes). results in four daughter cells.

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human genome project

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goal was to sequence the entire human genome, completed in 2003,

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gregor mendel

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hybrids, pea plants, crossed tall plants with short plants

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hybrids is offspring of parents who differ from each other with regard to certain traits or certain aspects of genetic makeup:heterozygotes

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principle of segregation

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genes occur in pairs b/c chromosomes occur in pairs.

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recessive

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trait that isn't expressed in heterozygotes. must have two copies of it to be expressed homozygous

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dominant

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heterozygotes. expressed

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genotype

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genetic makeup of an individual.

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alleles

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alternate forms of a gene. occur at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes, and they influence the same trait.

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phenotypes

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the observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism; the detectable expressions of genotypes, frequently influenced by environmental factors

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mendelian traits

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characteristics that are influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus. examples: genetic disorders, anemia, blood types

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ABO blood type

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governed by three alleles, A, B, and O.