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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the first Homo Species appear?
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"The first Homo species appeared 2 million years ago and co-existed with Australopithecus.
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How many different finches did Darwin discover on the 15 Galapagos islands?
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Thirteen different finches were discovered by Darwin on the 15 Galapagos islands.
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_________________ variations "divides the population into discrete groups without intermediates."
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"Phenotypic Discontinuous variations ""divides the population into discrete groups without intermediates.""
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____________________ expresses itself as a smooth gradient between two extremes.
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"Phenotypic continuous variation expresses itself as a smooth gradient between two extremes.
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The relationship between gene frequencies and genotype frequencies is stated in the ________________ formula. For two given alleles A and B with frequencies of p and q, the frequency of the genotypes will be: AA = p squared, AB = 2pq, and BB = q squared.
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The relationship between gene frequencies and genotype frequencies is stated in the Hardy-Weinberg formula. For two given alleles A and B with frequencies of p and q, the frequency of the genotypes will be: AA = p squared, AB = 2pq, and BB = q squared. Pg 57
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The relationship between gene frequencies and genotype frequencies is stated in the Hardy-Weinberg formula. For two given alleles A and B with frequencies of p and q, the frequency of the genotypes will be: ____________________________.
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"The relationship between gene frequencies and genotype frequencies is stated in the Hardy-Weinberg formula. For two given alleles A and B with frequencies of p and q, the frequency of the genotypes will be: AA = p squared, AB = 2pq, and BB = q squared.
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The Hardy-Weinberg ratio is valid in a perfectly randomly mating population. What does it mean when the population does not show the correct ratios?
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"When the population does not show the correct Hardy-Weinberg ratio shows that something is effecting the mating or production of genotypes.
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What is genetic drift?
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GENETIC DRIFT is a non-Darwinian evolutionary process involving neutral genes (ones that are not effected by selection because they do not affect fitness). It happens in small populations - think of the old turtle - any homozygous loci means the opposing allele is gone forever. Pg 68
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What is the Founder Effect?
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FOUNDER EFFECT is another non-Darwinian change in the gene pool. Pg 69
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How does karyotypic change cause swift speciation without geographical barriers?
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KARYOTYPIC CHANGE is when "...a segment of genetic material is transferred from one chromosome to another, or turned around so that its position in the chromosome is changed." A person who is heterozygous for this mutation will have a hard time reproducing due to the meiotic process. But if inbreeding occurs, as it does in many primate species (father with daughter), then a new species can come into existence quickly with an isolating mechanism built right in. Pg 79-80.
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What is adaptive radiation (speciation)?
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ADAPTIVE RADIATION is when "...under special conditions, a single ancestral stock can give rise to many new species..." Pg 85. Need enough empty econiches for this to happen.
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What is convergence in the context of speciation?
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CONVERGENCE is "when unrelated and generally dissimilar lineages evolve superficially similar forms...". Pg 88
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What is parallelism in the context of speciation?
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PARALLELISM is when similar adaptations "evolve in species that are already quite similar because of a common ancester". Pg 88
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What are homologies vs. analogies in the context of speciation?
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HOMOLOGIES vs ANALOGIES are resemblances resulting from common ancestry vs resemblences from analogies from common econiches/functions. Pg 88.
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What is Dollo's law?
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DOLLO'S LAW is - the law of the irreversibility of evolution - "a species can never revert completely to the ancestral condition." Pg 89
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Define adaptation.
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"ADAPTATION is the process of adjustment of a species to a specific environment, or a particular trait that makes a species more suited to and successful in its enviorment.
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Define archeology.
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"ARCHEOLOGY is the study of culture and the processes of cultural evolution, using the material remains of societies.
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____________ is a close relative of the human species that lived from about 5 million to about 1 million years ago.
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AUSTRALOPITHECUS is a close relative of the human species that lived from about 5 million to about 1 million years ago.
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What is the theory of catastrophism?
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"Georges Cuvier's CATASTROPHISM theory that the earth was shaken by periodic global cataclysms, sudden and violent, each of which destroyed almost all living things.
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Define econiche.
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"An ECONICHE is a species' way of life in relation to other species - what it eats, what preys on it, and so on.
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Define ecosystem.
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"An ECOSYSTEM is a cycle of matter and energy that includes all living things, their interaction with each other and with the enviroment.
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Define gene.
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A GENE is an individual unit of hereditary information.
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Define material culture.
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"MATERIAL CULTURE is made up of human artifacts - tools, pottery, machines, works of art, and so on - that are the products of culturally transmitted skills, techniques, and traditions.
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Define mutation.
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"A MUTATION is a random change in a gene that produces a new trait.
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Define natural selection.
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"NATURAL SELECTION is the process by which the best adapted members of a population increase in number at the expense of less favored individuals.
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Define alleles.
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"ALLELES are variant forms of a gene, any of which can occupy a particular locus.
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Define chromosomes.
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"CHROMOSOMES are the coiled, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that carry the hereditary information.
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Define codominant traits.
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"CODOMINANT TRAITS reflect the phenotypic effect of both alleles in heterozygotes.
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Define crossing over (in terms of inheritance).
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"CROSSING OVER is the process by which homologous chromosomes trade genetic material with one another, greatly increasing genetic variablility among gametes.
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Define (cell) differentiation.
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"CELL DIFFERENTIATION is the process by which the cells of a developing organism take on different characteristics and ultimately perform different functions.
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Define diploid set.
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"A DIPLOID SET is the full (double) complement of chromosomes received from mother and father.
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What does DNA stand for?
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"DNA is Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What is DNA?
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"DNA is the complex organic molecule that encodes the genetic information in the chromosomes.
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Define dominant trait.
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"A DOMINANT TRAIT is one that reflects the influence of only one allele in eterozygotes; thus, a trait that is identically expressed in heterozygotes and homozygotes.
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What is the gamete produced by the female called?
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The GAMETE that is produced by the female is called the egg.
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Define Enzymes.
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"ENZYMES are the proteins that promote and regulate chemical processes within the body.
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Define gametes.
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"GAMETES are the sex cells (sperm and egg).
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Define gene.
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"In general, a GENE is the unit of heredity determining a particular trait; in molecular terms, the segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a single protein or one part of a complex protein or regulates the activity of other genes.
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Define genetics.
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"GENETICS is the study of the transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
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Define genotype.
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"A GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism or a particular aspect of that makeup.
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Define haploid set.
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"A HAPLOID SET is the half set of chromosomes carried by each gamete.
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Define heterozygous.
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"HETEROZYGOUS means having two different alleles at the corresponding loci of homologous chromosomes.
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Define homologous chromosomes.
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"HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES are a pair of chromosomes, each of which carries the same kind of hereditary information; one member of the pair is contributed by each parent.
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Define homozygous.
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"HOMOZYGOUS is having two identical alleles at the corresponding loci of homologous chromosomes.
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Define karyotype.
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The KARYOTYPE is the chromosome set of an organism.
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What are linked genes?
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"LINKED GENES are genes that lie on the same chromosome, so that they tend to be inherited together.
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Define locus.
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"A LOCUS is the position of a particular gene on a chromosome.
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Define meiosis.
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"MEIOSIS is the process of cell division in which haploid sex cells are produced from diploid body cells.
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Define monogenic trait.
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"A MONOGENIC TRAIT is one that is influenced by genes at only one locus.
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Define mutation.
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"A MUTATION is a random change in a gene, caused by an alteration of its DNA structure, that produces a recognizable phenotypic effect.
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What is the nucleus?
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A NUCLEUS is the cell's control center, and the location of the genetic information.
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Where is the location of the genetic information in a cell?
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"The LOCATION OF THE GENETIC INFORMATION in a cell is in the nucleus.
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What is the particulate nature of genes?
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"The PARTICULATE NATURE OF GENES describes the fact that genes are inherited as discrete units.
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Define phenotype.
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"A PHENOTYPE is the sum of an individual's observable characteristics, or a particular aspect of those characteristics.
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Define polygenes.
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"POLYGENES are genes at different loci that combine to influence a single phenotypic feature.
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What are proteins?
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"PROTEINS are a class of organic molecules largely responsible for the development and maintenance of the organism.
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What is a Punnett square?
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"A PUNNETT SQUARE is a table that shows all the possible genotypes that can result, at a given locus, from the mating of two individuals.
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What is a recessive trait?
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"A RECESSIVE TRAIT is a trait that is expressed only in homozygotes.
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What is a regulator gene?
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"A REGULATOR GENE is one that controls, restricts, or activates the action of other genes.
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Define reproduction.
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"REPRODUCTION is the process by which an organism produces offspring similar to itself; the process may be either asexual or sexual.
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What are the sex chromosomes (X and Y)?
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"The SEX CHROMOSOMES are the chromosomes that determine sex. In mammals, the possession of a Y chromosome determines maleness. Normal females are XX, normal males XY.
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Define sex-linked genes.
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"SEX LINKED GENES are genes on the sex chromosomes (mainly the X).
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What is sperm?
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"SPERM is the gamete produced by the male.
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What is a structural gene?
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"A STRUCTURAL GENE is a gene that codes for the structure of a protein.
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What is the synthetic theory of evolution?
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"The SYNTHETIC THEORY OF EVOLOUTION is the evolutionary theory synthesized from the work of Darwin, Mendel, and the mathematical geneticists of this century.
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What is a zygote?
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"A ZYGOTE is the fertilized egg, produced by fusion of a sperm with an egg, from which a new organism develops.
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Define assortative mating.
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"ASSORTATIVE MATING is the selection or avoidance of prospective mates on the basis of shared attributes.
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Define biological species.
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"A BIOLOGICAL SPECIES is a group of interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.
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Define collective phenotype.
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"A COLLECTIVE PHENOTYPE is the observable characteristics of a population considered as a whole.
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Define deme.
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"A DEME is the smallest possible Mendelian population of a species: usually a group of organisms occupying a particular geographical region.
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Define directional selection.
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"DIRECTIONAL SELECTION is selection that produces change in the gene frequencies of a population.
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Define fitness.
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"FITNESS is success in promoting the survival of one's own genotype, either by producing offspring (Darwinian fitness) or by helping relatives to survive and produce offspirng (inclusive fitness).
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Define founder effect.
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"FOUNDER EFFECT describes the loss of variability that occurs when a new population is established by a few settlers, colonists, or survivors from a larger population.
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Define gene flow.
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"GENE FLOW is the transfer of genes from one population to another by migration or interbreeding.
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Define gene frequency.
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"GENE FREQUENCY is the abundance of a particular gene in a population relative to that of its allele or alleles.
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Define gene pool.
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"A GENE POOL is the total store of genes of a population.
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"GENETIC DRAFT is the change in the gene frequencies of a population over a period of time as a result of the random fluctuations in gene frequencies from generation to generation.
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Define genotype frequency.
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"GENOTYPE FREQUENCY is the proportion of a given genotype in a population.
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Define group selection.
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"GROUP SELECTION is the selection that operates to enhance a group's fitness, even though it may be neutral or somewhat disadvantagisou to the individual.
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Define inbreeding.
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"INBREEDING is the frequent mating among relatives.
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Define Mendelian population.
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"A MENDELIAN POPULATION is a group of organisms in which each member is more likely to mate with another member than with an outsider; thus, a gorup within which a body of genes is usually transmitted.
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Define natural selection.
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"NATURAL SELECTION is the process by which certain members of a population, becuase they share an especially adaptive genotype, are more successful than others in transmitting their genes to future generations.
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Define non-Darwinian evolution.
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"NON-DARWINIAN EVOLUTION describes the changes in the gene frequencies of populations that are caused by random processes, such as genetic drift and the founder effect.
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Define outbreeding.
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"OUTBREEDING is the avoidance of mating among relative.
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Define phenotype frequency.
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"The proportion of a given discontinuously variable phenotype in a population.
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Define phenotypic variation.
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"Differences in observable traits among members of a population; variation may be discontinuous (two or more discrete groups, without intermediates) or continuous (a smooth gradient between two extremes).
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What are the two types of phenotypic variation?
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"Continuous - a smooth gradient between two extremes
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Define polymorphism.
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"POLYMORPHISM is the coexistence of two or more phenotypes within a population; if each occurs at a roughly constant frequency, due to opposing selective forces, the condition is called balanced polymorphism.
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Define polytypic species.
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"A POLYTYPIC SPECIES is a species whose constituent populations differ in their gene frequencies and phenotypic traits.
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Define sampling error.
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"A SAMPLING ERROR is the difference between the theoretical gene frequencies in a population and those observed iin an actual sample drawn at random from it; the smaller the sample, the larger the probable deviation.
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Define stabilizing selection.
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"STABILIZING SELECTION is natural selection that operates to keep a population's gene frequencies relatively constant.
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What are the three possible outcomes of speciation?
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"The THREE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES OF SPECIATION are:
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Environmental changes => __________________=> selection for an anatomical change => further behavioral changes => further selection for anatomical change => until specialized enough to be considered a new species.
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"Environmental changes => BEHAVIORAL CHANGE => selection for an anatomical change => further behavioral changes => further selection for anatomical change => until specialized enough to be considered a new species.
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Environmental changes => behavioral change => ________________=> further behavioral changes => further selection for anatomical change => until specialized enough to be considered a new species.
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"Environmental changes => behavioral change => SELECTION FOR AN ANATOMICAL CHANGE => further behavioral changes => further selection for anatomical change => until specialized enough to be considered a new species.
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What are the three general principles for constructing a phylogenetic tree?
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"THE 3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING A PHYLOGENETIC TREE:
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What is the Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species of Human beings?
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"Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae (Hominoidea is the superfamily), Homo (Genus), Home Sapiens (Species).
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What is the mnemonic for remembering the 7 classifications of the Linnaean system?
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Most of us are accustomed to the LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION that assigns every organism a kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species, which, among other possibilities, has the handy mnemonic King Philip Came Over For Good Soup. from Berkeley Evol 101
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Define adaptive radiation.
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"ADAPTIVE RADIATION is the evolutionary process that producees an array of related species occupying different econiches; also, by extension, the group of species so produced.
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Define anagenetic evolution.
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"ANAGENETIC EVOLUTION is the process by which one species gradually evolves into another, with no isolation taking place - not accepted as way that 99% of all speciation occurs.
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Define analogy.
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"An ANALOGY is the resemblance between animals that is due to parallelism or convergence rather than common ancestry.
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Define binominal.
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"A BINOMINAL is a Latin ""double name,"" consisting of the genus and species designations for a particular animal or plant, in the neo-Linnaean classification system (e.g., Homo sapiens).
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Define character displacement.
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"CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT is the process by which two closely related species occupying overlapping ranges minimize their competition by evolving in different directions.
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Define clade.
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"A CLAD is a group of species with a single common ancestor.
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Define convergence.
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"CONVERGENCE is the evolution of superficially similiar traits by unrelated lineages as a result of adaptations to similar ways of life.
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Define homology.
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An HOMOLOGY is a resemblance between animals due to inheritance from a common ancester.
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Define isolating mechanism.
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"An ISOLATING MECHANISM is a characteristic that prevents interbreeding between members of closely related species.
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What is the law of competitive exclusion?
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"The LAW OF COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION states that no two coexisting species can have identical econiches.
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What is the law of the irreversibility of evolution?
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"The LAW OF THE IRREVERSIBILITY OF EVOLUTION states that once a species has evolved a certain trait, it can never revert entirely to its ancestral condition.
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Define lineage.
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"A LINEAGE is a series of populations in direct line of descent.
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Define neo-Linnaean classification.
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"The NEO-LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION system is used for categorizing plants and animals based on usages established by Carolus Linnaeus.
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Define parallelism.
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"PARALLELISM is the evolution of two related families in the same direction so that they come to resemble each other more than their common ancestor. (Derived characteristics)
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Define phylogenetic tree.
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"A PHYLOGENETIC TREE is a branching diagram representing the evolutionary relationships of a group of species.
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Define polytypic species.
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"A POLYTYPIC SPECIES is one that includes several physically distinctive populations, or subspecies.
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Define positive feedback.
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"POSITIVE FEEDBACK is the process by which an evolutionary change acts to promote even greater change in the same direction.
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Define preadaptation.
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"A PREADAPTATION is a trait that is first acquired as an adaptation to a specific environment but that turns out to be generally advantagious under new circumstances.
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Define specialization.
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"SPECIALIZATION is an adaptation to a comparatively narrow econiche.
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Define species selection.
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"SPECIES SELECTION is a natural selection in which the competition is between species in an ecosystem.
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Define stasis.
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"STASIS is a phase during which a species is undergoing little or no evolutionary change.
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Define taxon (pl. taxa).
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"A TAXON is the general term for a group of organisms withing the neo-Linnaean classification.
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Primatology is a multidisciplinary field; it brings together the...(3)
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"PRIMATOLOGY is a multidisciplinary field; it brings together the...
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What are the two ancestral traits distinctive to primates and why are they distinctive?
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"The TWO ANCESTRAL TRAITS DISTINCTIVE TO PRIMATES are distinctive because they have been retained (not lost) as in other species. They are: 1) five-fingered hand and five-toed foot
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Name the 7 distinctive derived features of primates.
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"The 7 DISTINCTIVE DERIVED FEATURES OF PRIMATES:
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What is the Family taxa for the great apes?
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"The FAMILY TAXA FOR THE GREAT APES is the Family Pongidae that includes 3 genus.
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What are the 3 genus under the Family Pongidae (the great apes)?
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"The 3 GENUS UNDER THE FAMILY PONGIDAE are the chimpanzees (genus Pan), the gorilla (genus Gorilla), and the orangutan (genus Pongo).
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What are the two closely related species of chimpanzee?
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"The TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF CHIMPS are the common chimpanzee Pan troglodyte, and the Bonobo or pygmay chimpanzee Pan paniscus.
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Who uses termite sticks as tools.
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"CHIMPANZEES uses termite sticks as tools.
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What behaviors do chimps share with humans?
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"CHIMPS AND HUMANS SHARE Food-sharing (of meat), kissing, hugging, patting one another affectionately, laughing and tool use (termite sticks).
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Why do paleoanthropologists choose to study woodland chimps instead of the more common rainforest chimps?
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"Paleoanthropologists choose to study woodland chimps instead of the more common rainforest chimps because ""...some chimpanzees live in the dry, seasonal woodlands - the same habitat into which the earliest hominids moved when they left the rain forest.""
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What is the difference in diets between rainforest and woodland apes?
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"RAINFOREST DIET VS. WOODLAND DIET: ""While most [rain]forest fruits are pulpy and fleshy, the seeds of savanna trees, shrubs, and grasses, which were the dry season staple of the savanna chipanzees, tend to be small, hard, and tough.""
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Where are gorillas found?
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"GORILLAS are found only within the African rain forest.
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Where is the orangutan found?
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"ORANGUTANS were once found throughout Southeast Asia but now only in parts of Sumatra and Borneo.
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What does platirinian translate to?
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PLATIRINIAN means flat nosed.
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Define Anthropoidea.
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"ANTHROPOIDEA is a suborder of Primates that includes the monkeys and apes.
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Define brachiation.
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"BRACHIATION is a form of locomotion used by some primates in which the body is supported by the arms alone as the animal swings hand over hand.
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Define Catarrhini.
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"CATARRHINI are the infraorder that includes the apes and Old World monkeys.
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Define Cercopithecidae.
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"CERCOPITHECIDAE is the family of Old World monkeys; it constitutes its own superfamily, Cercopithecoidea.
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Define Colobinae.
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"COLOBINAE is a subfamily of Old World monkeys - generally arboreal - that includes the langurs aof India and Southeast Asia.
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Define diurnal.
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"DIURNAL means active during the day.
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What is the term meaning active during the day?
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"Diurnal MEANS ACTIVE DURING THE DAY.
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Define Hominidae.
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"HOMINIDAE is the family that includes humans; its members are commonly refered to as hominids.
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What Family do humans belong to?
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HUMANS are hominids of the Family Hominidae (Super Family Hominoidea)
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Define Lemuriformes.
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"LEMURIFORMES is an infraorder of prosimians, consisting of the the lemurs, lorises, and other nontarsiers.
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Define Papio.
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"PAPIO is the genus of common baboons, a group of Old World monkeys.
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Define Platyrrhini.
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"PLATYRRHINI is the infraorder of New World monkeys.
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Who use termite sticks as tools?
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TERMITE STICKS are used by chimpanzees.
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Name several humanlike traits of chimpanzees.
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HUMANLIKE TRAITS OF CHIMPS include food-sharing, kissing, hugging, and patting one another affectionately. "They squeeze fruit to find out whether it is ripe. They laugh." Pg 116
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Why study woodland chimps over the more common rainforest chimps?
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WOODLAND CHIMPS are a better analogue for early Hominids in that they live in dry, seasonal woodlands and eat the seeds of the savanna and its grasses - like early Hominids. Pg 118
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Where is the Gorilla found?
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"The gorilla is to be found only within the African rain forest." Pg 119
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What are the food econiches of the woodland vs. rainforest chimps vs gorilla's?
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ECONICHES FOR EACH ARE: woodland chimps - savanna seeds; rainforest chimp - fruits; gorillas - leaves, pith, stems and shoots of the rainforest. Pg 118-119
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How has the foot adapted to bipedelism?
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THE FOOT "has developed longitudinal and transverse arches that make it a springy dome, capable of absorbint the shock thrown upon it when the heel strikes the ground in walking." Pg 140 Big toe in line with long axis of foot and other toes shortened (longer than big toe in chimps).
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What is the acetabulum?
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THE ACETABULUM is the socket for the head of the femur, or thighbone to fit into the pelvis. Pg 140
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Among primates what are the anatomical features that most directly reflect the animal's feeding habits?
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THE ANATOMICAL FEATURES THAT MOST DIRECTLY REFLECT FEEDING HABITS IN PRIMATES are lips, tongue, cheeks, teeth, jaws, jaw muscles, stomach and intestines. Pg 142
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What are the four types of teeth?
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FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF TEETH are incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Pg 143
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What are incisors used for?
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INCISORS "are generally used to seize food and, along with the hands, are used in its initial preparation." Pg 143
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What were the canines originally used for in primates and what are they generally used for now?
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CANINES "originally part of the seizing-holding apparatus and still have that function in some prosimian primates. In many others...the canines have developed for fighting and threatening rather than for eating." Pg 143
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What are the molars and premolars used for?
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The MOLARS AND PREMOLARS are used for the chewing, grinding, and shearing of food to break it down for swallowing. Pg 143
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What 3 major behaviors and concurrent structures separate primates from other mammals?
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PRIMATES SET APART FROM OTHER MAMMALS by their well-developed visual sense and the de-emphasis on smell. Two, by how they use the hand rather than the muzzel and teeth for investigating and manipulating. Three, primate's brain is larger and more sophisticated. Pg 147
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Define anthropoid.
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ANTHROPOID: human, ape or monkey
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What are the two Male Reproductive strategies that Jolly & Plog define?
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TWO MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES are: begetters and nuturers. Begetters compete for females and evolve the necessary fluff and bluff to do so, nurturers bond with females and take care of them. Pg 155
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What group of primates were studied by Sarah B. Hrdy because they practiced infanticide? And what did she conclude?
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SARAH B HRDY studied the Indian gray langurs and discovered that infanticide was not an aberition in their species but an evolved (naturally selected) behavior. Pg 157
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