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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antimicrobial Agents |
control the growth of microbes |
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Disinfection |
the destruction or removal of vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores used on inanimate objects |
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Sterilization |
the complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms used on inanimate objects destroys 100% of microbes including viruses and endospores |
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Antisepsis |
chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens |
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Primary Targets |
microbes causing infection or spoilage include: vegetative bacterial cells (endospores), fungal hyphae and spores, yeast, protozoan trophozoites and cysts, worms, viruses, prions |
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Microbial Control Methods |
physical agents, chemical agents, mechanical removal method |
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Sanitization |
mechanically removes microbes- degermation |
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Factors That Affect Death Rate |
number of microbes, types of microbes- (endospores, viruses, cysts, prions), temperature, pH, concentration or dosage of agent, mode of action of the agent, presence of solvents; organic matter; or inhibitors, time of exposure |
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Antimicrobial Points of Attack |
cell membrane- (soaps, topicals), cell wall- antibiotics, protein- (heat, metals, pH), DNA- mutation |
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Physical Microbial Control Methods |
heat- (moist, dry), cold temp, desiccation, radiation, filtration |
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Heat |
physical control method when moist it denatures proteins include: autoclave |
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Autoclave |
steam under pressure moist heat under pressure used to sterilize can't autoclave plastic- it will melt |
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Steam Sterilization |
stream must contact item's surface |
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Thermal Death Time (TDT) |
a sterilization time shortest time to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature |
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Thermal Death Point (TDP) |
a sterilization point lowest temperature to kill all microbes in sample in 10 minutes |
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Boiling Water |
at 100C for 30 min to destroy non-spore forming pathogens disinfection |
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Pasteurization |
mild heating to kill pathogens destroys bacteria in wine and raw milk kills pathogens and spoilage microbes heating and cooling method destroys mesophiles flash: 72C, 16 sec, then cool to 4C or 65C for 30 min |
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Dry Heat |
has higher temp. than moist heat include: incineration, dry ovens |
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Incineration |
form of dry heat flame or electric heating coil ignites and reduces microbes and other substances |
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Dry Ovens |
150C - 180C ruins proteins |
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Refrigeration and Freezing |
slows bacterial enzyme action- bacteriostatic bacteria don't divide bacteria are not killed- not bactericidal retards food spoilage |
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Desiccation |
drying gradual removal of water from cells leads to metabolic inhibition no effective microbial control many cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced |
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Lyophilization |
freeze drying preservation |
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Freeze Drying |
lyophilization removes water with low temperatures keeps texture of food fibers add water and fresh food returns can preserve microbe specimens for years |
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Ionization Radiation |
deep penetrating power breaks DNA, gamma rays, x-rays- destroys DNA used to sterilize medical supplies and food products |
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Ultraviolet Light Non-ionizing |
poor penetration used to sterilize and disinfect food, phamaceutical products, medical and lab devices, water and packaging damages DNA lower power |
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Water Disinfection System |
UV light non-ionizing prevents water borne illness |
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Hospital Germicidal Lamps |
UV light sterilizes equipment, water, and air in operating rooms treats acne, psoriasis sterile hoods use UV |
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Nonionizing Radiation |
for sterilizing air, water or surfaces |
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Filtration |
physical removal of microbes used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids sterilizes air in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms |
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High-level Germicides |
kill endospores may be sterilants |
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Intermediate-level |
kill fungal spores (no endospores), TB, and viruses used to disinfect devices that contact mucous membranes |
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Low-level |
kill vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells, and some viruses clean surfaces that touch skin |
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Halogens |
a germicidal include: chlorine, iodine, bromine, fluorine, At used for water |
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Chlorine |
a halogen used to clean out swimming pools, drinking water, sewage, wastewater, inanimate objects |
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Iodine |
a halogen an antiseptic betadine: surgical scrub milder disinfectants, ointments |
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Phenolics |
a germicidal disrupts cell walls, membranes, and proteins low to intermediate level include: triclosan a chemical disinfectant (ex. lysol, chlorhexidine) |
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Triclosan |
a phenolics additive to soaps |
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Chlorhexidine |
a germicidal chlorine + organic rings clings to cell walls important low to intermediate level preoperative scrubs, skin cleaning, and burns dental |
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Alcohols |
a germicidal denature proteins and dissolves lipids effective against most bacteria, fungi and many viruses include: medical wipes, hand sanitizer gels disinfects surfaces |
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Hydrogen Peroxide |
a germicidal produces oxygen ions that damage protein and DNA forms oxygen- toxic to anaerobes antiseptic at low concentrations strong solutions are sporicidal |
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Alkylating Agents |
toxic hazards found in: cidex, aldesen, hospex, sporicidin, omnicide, matricide, wavicide andothers limit the exposure of this product |
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Glutaraldehyde |
an aldehyde amd alkylating agent sensitive for heat sensitive instruments used as a tissue fixative and in developing of x-rays |
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Gases and Aerosols |
strong alkylating agents include: ethylene oxide, propylene oxide high level sterilize and disinfect plastics and prepackaged devices, foods |
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Soaps and Detergents |
detergents: surfactants that dissolve oils and the germs that hide in them, disrupt membranes which have lots of lipids soap and water: remove most bugs, a chemical and physical agent include: quaternary ammonia compounds |
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Quaternary Ammonia Compounds (Quats) |
act as surfactants poke holes in membranes very low level |
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Soaps |
germicide additive? requires much contact time |
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Heavy Metals |
solutions of silver and mercury (deadly and potent) kills vegetative cells in low concentrations inactivate proteins- denaturation low level include: merthiolate, silver, nitrate, silver |
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Silver Nitrate |
kills gonococci excellent to treat burns |
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Colloidal Silver |
began in 1800's before antibiotics drinking water and silver ions blue man |
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Acid Additives |
in flour and cosmetics inhibits microbes ex. buttermilk |
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Aldehydes |
high level alkylating protein and DNA include: glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde |
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Formaldehyde |
an aldehyde disinfectant preservative toxicity limits use |
