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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Incoming heat vs outgoing heat |
all outgoing in top millimiter incoming begins 10^-6 m more until 1 then back down |
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Wien's Law |
wavelength of maximum transmission is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature
lambda max = b/k b=cw=constant=2.9*10^6 nm * K |
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Stefan Boltzmann Law |
all bodies radiate energy at a rate proportional to 4th power of absolute temp: Qb = CsK^4 Cs = 5.6*10^-8 W/m^2 K^4 |
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relation between wien and stefan boltzmann |
type of wavelength emitted vs amount of energy radiated |
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solar constant |
flat plate receives 1368 watts/m^2 earth receives 342 watts/m^2 |
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wavelengths emitted by sun |
50% visible; 10% UV remainder 40% Max red because 5500K is sun |
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less irradiance reaches surface of earth because |
absoption by atmosphere particles |
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average planetary albedo |
30% |
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Ice albedo feedback: |
More ice formation, greater albedo, less absorbed radiation, more cool oceans, MORE ice formation (positive feedback) |
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ocean radiates vs absorbs where difference? |
400 w/m^2 emitted; half of 342 absorbed; rest is effective back radiation
effective back radiation: atmosphere traps longer wave infrared (lets through short from sun) about 50 -75 w/M^2 |
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OLR |
outgoing long wave radiation decreases from equator poleward |
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latent heat loss |
energy to break hydrogen bonds and evaporate; about 100W/M^2 greatest at equator and in gyres |
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conservative materials have no |
sources or sinks |
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absorption by gas |
UV = o3 Short infrared 02, medium infrared water, long infrared CO2 |
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factors affecting Qs |
height of sun length of day albedo attenuation: clouds, path through atmosphere (height of sun dependent) gas molecules, aerosols, dust |
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net infrared flux depends on |
cloud thickness (thicker less heat to escape) cloud height (clouds radiate heat towards earth as black body, high colder than low) |
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relative atmospheric warming |
44 from earth 20 from sun |
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molecular vs turbulent diffusion coefficeint |
1.5x10^-9 m^2/s 1x10^-2 |
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Reynolds number |
inertial to viscous, velocity scale x length scle / viscosity of substance |
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salt equation for turbulent flow |
flow out equals in speed of flow in all directions + vertical turbulent flux change in depth * Az *change in salinity with depth (gradient |
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Box Model Knudsen's RElationship |
Vi+R+P=E+Vo R+P-E = x Vo-Vi = X
with conservation of salt
ViSiPi = VoSoPo Vi=X(So/Si-So) Vo=X(Si/Si-So) |
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Residence Time |
Tres=Vol/Flux In |
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SST Up |
Qb down; Qe down; Qh up |
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decreased relative humidity |
Qe up; Qb up |
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increased wind speed |
Qe up; Qh up |
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decreased air temperature |
Qh up; Qb up |
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effective back radiation is difference between |
long way energy emitted from sea surface minus long wave energy received from atmosphere |
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night/day b radiation |
cloud cover at night, frost results from radiative cooling whereas on clear nights it does not |
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Qb |
net rate of heat loss by sea as long wave radiation to the atmosphere and space |
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decreased air/water temp difference |
Qh down Qb down (less humidity) |
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thermal vs salinity diffusivity |
thermal faster 1.5x10^-7 salinity 1.5 *10^-9 |
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increase/decrease in SST
increase/decrease AirT |
increase/decrease in rel humidity decrease/increase in " |
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avg langley/day over course of year |
350 |
