Physchology

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Theories

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Broad explanations and predictions conderning phenomena of interest

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How do Physchologists use theory and research to answer questions?

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Research in pyschology is guided by theories and hypotheses

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Operationalization

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translating a hypothesis into specific testable procedures that can be measured and observed

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Archival Research

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Research in which existing data, such as documents, records, newspapers are exmained to test hypothesis

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Naturalistic Observation

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observing some naturally occuring behavior and does not make a change in situation

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Case Study

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indepth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.

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variable

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behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way

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Correlational research

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Research in which the relationship between 2 sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated"

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Random assignment to condition

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A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or conditions on the basis of chance and chance alone.

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significant outcome

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meaningful results that make is possible that make is possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses

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replication

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the repetition of research sometimes using other procedures, settings and groups of partcipantsm to increase confidence in prior findings

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informed consent

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document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve

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experimental bias

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factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment

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meta-analysis

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permits psychologists to combine the results of many seperate studies into one overall conclusion

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experimental manipulations

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change that an experimenter deliberatly produces in a situation

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subliminal perception

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The perception of messages about which we have no awareness.a stimulus like a word, or smell that activates the sensory system.

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Stage 1 sleep

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rapid, low amplitude brain waves, transition between being awake and sleep.

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Stage 2 sleep

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makes up about half of sleep, slower more regular wave pattern.

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Stage 3 Sleep

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brain waves become slower, higher peaks and lower valleys

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Stage 4 sleep

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least responsive to outside stimulus

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Rapid Eye Movement

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REM, increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, erection, and dreaming

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Unconscious wish fullfillment theory

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Sgmund Freud suggested that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire.

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Dreams for survival theory

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dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocesssed during sleep.

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activation synthesis theory

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Allan Hobson proposed the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep because of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters.

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Circadin rhythms

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biological processes that occur repeatedly on approximately a 24 hour cycle.

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Insomnia

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difficulty sleeping

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Circadian rhythms

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biological processes that occur repeatedly on a 24 hr cycle.

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phsychoactive drugs

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influence a person's emotions,perceptions and behavior. (coffee,beer)

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addictive drugs

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produce a biological/physical dependence in the user.

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stimulants

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effect on central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension.(cocaine, amphetamines)

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depressants

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drugs that slow down the nervous system.(alcohol, barbituates, rohyphnol

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binge drinking

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5 or more drinks for a male, and 4 or more drinks for a female in one sitting.

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narcotics

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drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety.

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Blind spot

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Optic nerve leaves the eye towards the brain.

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split brain

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verbal on left

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Biofeedback

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control biological states by electronically monitoring biological response.

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Myelin Sheath

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a protective coating of fat that insulates the axon.