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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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motivation
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the desire and will to do something
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locus of control
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the extent to which a person believes he or she can influence the external environment
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precontemplation stage
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stage of change in which people are unwilling to change behavior
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contemplation stage
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state of change in which people are considering changing behavior in the next 6 months
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preparation stage
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stage of change in which people are getting ready to make a change within the next month
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action stage
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state of change in which people are actively changing a negative behavior or adopting a new, healthy behavior
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maintenance stage
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stage of change in which people maintian behavioral change for up to 5 years
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termination/adoption stage
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stage of change in which people have eliminated an undesireable behavior o rmaintained a positive behavior for over 5 years
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relapse
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to slip or fall back into unhealthy behavior(s) or fail to maintain healthy behaviors
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process of change
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actions that help you achieve change in behavior
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behavior modification
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the process used to permanently change negative behaviors in favor of positive behaviors that will lead to better health and well-being
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techniques of change
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methods or procedures used during each process of change
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goal
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the ultimate aim toward which effort is directed
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objectives
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steps required to reach a goal
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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genetic substance of which genes are made; molecule that contains cell's genetic code
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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genetic material that guides the formation of cell proteins
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benign
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noncancerous
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malignant
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cancerous
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cancer
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group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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oncogenes
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genes that initiate cell division
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suppressor genes
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genes that deactivate the process of cell division
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telomeres
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a strand of molecules at both ends of a chromosome
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telomerase
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an enzyme thath allows cells to reproduce indefinitely
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carcinoma insitu
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encapsulated malignant tumor that has not spread
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angiogenesis
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formation of blood vessels (capillaries)
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metastasis
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the movement of cells from one part of the body to another
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nonmelanoma skin cancer
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cancer that spreads or grows at the original site but does not metastasize to other regions of the body
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cruciferous vegetables
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plants that produce cross-shaped leaves (cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, and kohlrabi) and seem to have a protective effect against cancer
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carotenoids
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pigment substances in plants that are often precursors to vitamin A. Over 600 carotenoids are found in nature and about 50 of them are precursors to vitamin A, the post potent one being beta-cerotene
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phytochemicals
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chemical compounds that block the formation of cancerous tumors and disrupt the progress of cancer; found in large quantites in fruits and vegetables
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carcinogens
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substances that contribute to the formation of cancers
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nitrosamines
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potentially cancer-causing compounds formed when nitrites and nitrates, which are used to prevent hte growth of harmful bacteria in processed meats, combine with other chemicals in the stomach
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melanoma
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the most virulent, rapidly spreading form of skin cancer
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ultraviolet B rays (UVB)
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portion of sunlight that causes sunburn and encourages skin cancers
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sun protection factor (SPF)
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degree of protection offered by ingredients in sunscreen lotion; at least SPF 15 is recommended
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mammogram
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low-dose X rays of the breasts used as a screening technique for the early detection of breast cancer
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stress
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the mental, emotional, and physiological response of the body to any situation that is new, threatening, frightening, or exciting
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stessor
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stress-causing event
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eustress
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positive stress, under which health and performance continue to improve, even as stress increases
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distress
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negative stress: unpleasant or harmful stress under which health and performance begin to deteriorate
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homeostasis
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a natural state of equilibrium. The body attempts to maintain this equilibrium by constantly reacting to external forces that attempt to disrupt this fine balance
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general adaption syndrome (GAS)
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a theoretical model that explains the body's adaptation to sustained stress; includes three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion/recovery
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life experiences survey
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a questionnaire used to assess sources of stress in life
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structured interview
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assessment tool used to determine behavioral patterns that define Type A and B personalities
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type A
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behavior pattern characteristic of a hard-driving, overambitious, aggressive, at times hostile, and overly competitive person
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type B
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behavior pattern characteristic of a calm, casual, relaxed, and easy-going individual
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type C
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behavior pattern of individuals who are just as highly stressed as the type A but do not seem to be at higher risk for disease than the type B
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fight-or-flight
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phsiological response to stress that prepares the individual to take action by stimulating the vital defense systems
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endorphins
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morphine-like substances released from the pituitary gland during prolonged aerobic exercise; thought to induce feelings of euphoria and ndatural well being
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biofeedback
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a stress management technique in which a person learns to influence physiological responses that are not typically under voluntary control or responses that typically are regulated but for which regulation has broken down due to injury, trauma, or illness
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progressive muscle relaxation
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a stress management technique that involves progressive contraction and relaxation of muscle groups throughout the body
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breathing exercise
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a stress management technique wherein the individual concentrates on "breathing away" the tension an dinhaling fresh air to the entire body
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imagery
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mental visualization of calming images and scenes to induce body relaxation in times of stress or as an aid in the treatment of certain medical conditions such as cancer, hypertension, asthma, chronic pain, and obesity
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autogenic training
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stress management technique using a form of self-suggestion, wherein an individual is able to place him/herself in an autohypnotic state by repeating and concentrating on feelings of heaviness and warmth in the extremities
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meditation
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a stress management technique used to gain control over one's attention by clearning the mind and blocking out the stressor(s) responsible for the increased tension
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yoga
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a school of thought in the Hindu religion that seeks to help the individual attain a higher level of spirutality and peace of mind
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addiction
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compulsive and uncontrollable behavior(s) or use of substances
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marijuana
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a psychoactive drug prepared from a mixture of crushed leaves, flowers, small branches, stems, and seeds from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa
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tachycardia
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faster-than-normal heart rate
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amotivational syndrome
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a condition characterized by loss of motivation, dullness, apathy, and no interest in the future
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cocaine
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the primary psychoactive ingredient derived from coca plant leaves
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methamphetamine
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a more potent form of amphetamine
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amphetamine
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powerful central nervous system stimulant
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dopamine
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a neurotransmitter that affects emotional, mental, and motor functions
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MDMA
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a synthetici hallucinogen drug with a chemical structure that closely resembles MDA and methamphetamine; also known as ecstasy
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extasy
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see MDMA
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MDA
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a hallucinogenic drug that is structurally stimilar to amphetamines
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heroin
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a potent drug that is a derivative of opium
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alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
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a depressant drug that affects the brain and slows down central nervous system activity; has strong addictive properties
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alcoholism
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disease in which an individual loses control over drinking alcoholic beverages
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synergistici action
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the effect of mixing two or more drugs, which can be much greater than the drugs acting by themselves
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cirrhosis
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a disease characterized by scarring of the liver
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cardiomyopathy
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a disease affecting the heart muscle
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alveoli
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air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide (produced by the body) is released from the blood
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nicotine
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addictive compound found in tobacco leaves
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tar
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chemical compound that forms during the burning of tobacco leaves
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cold turkey
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eliminating a negative behavior all at once
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