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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the difference between type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells?
Chpt 16 pg 525 |
Type 1 are 95% to 97% of total surface area. Primary site for gas exchange. very thin. Type 2 secrete pulmonary surfactant that reabsorb Na and H2O, preventing fluid build up with the alveoli. pg525
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Compare and contrast the respiratory zone and the conduction zone.
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The respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs. includes respiratory bronchioles and the terminal alveolar sacs. The conducting zone includes all of the anatomical structures through which air passes reaching the repiraroty zone. pg 526-527
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What is lung compliance.
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aka distensible. change in lung volume per change in trans-pulmonary pressure, expressed, symbolically at △V/ △P pg 531
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what is elasticity?
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the tendency of a structure to return to its inital size after being distended, pg 531
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What is the law of laplace and how does it relate to issues regarding the pressure in smaller versus larger alveoli?
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P= (2 X T)/r. Example. Imagine yourself blowing a balloon. The harder you blow the higher the air pressure inside the balloon and the higher the pressure difference between the outside and inside of the balloon become. Since the pressure difference rises, the tension in the rubber walls of the balloon also rises, and this is what causes the balloon to stretch. Now imagine you are blowing a balloon which is made of much thicker rubber. Now you will notice that the balloon is harder to inflate because more pressure difference is required to raise the tension in the walls of the balloon. http://library.thinkquest.org/C003758/Function/laplacelaw.htm
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Compare and contrast restrictive an obstructive lung disorders. Make sure you know what we would consider asthma, emphysema, copd, and pulmonary fibrosis.
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What is largely responsible for the 5mmHg difference in Po2 between alveolar air and arterial blood?
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What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure and sea level? How is this related to oxygen toxicity, nitrogen narcosis, and decompression sickness? see page 540 table 16.5. relationship is inversly retated.
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w is this related to oxygen toxicity, nitrogen narcosis, and decompression sickness? see page 540 table 16.5. relationship is inversly retated. pg 545
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What is Ondine’s curse?
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damage to the automic neurological pathways that control breathing. People with this condition have to remind themselves to breath and cannot sleep without a mechanical respirator. Pg 547
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If you hypoventilate,
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Pco2 quickly rises and pH falls. The fall in pH is due to the fact that carbon dioxide can combine with water to form carbonic acid, which, as a weak acid, can release H⁺ into the solution. Pg 548
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What is oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and what effect does pH have on the curve? your answer should include the bohr effect and figure 16.34
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curve describes the relation between the partial pressure of oxygen (x axis) and the oxygen saturation (y axis). Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen increases as successive molecules of oxygen bind. More molecules bind as the oxygen partial pressure increases until the maximum amount that can be bound is reached. As this limit is approached, very little additional binding occurs and the curve levels out as the hemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen. Hence the curve has a sigmoidal or S-shape. At pressures above about 60 mmHg, the standard dissociation curve is relatively flat, which means that the oxygen content of the blood does not change significantly even with large increases in the oxygen partial pressure. To get more oxygen to the tissue would require blood transfusions to increase the hemoglobin count (and hence the oxygen carrying capacity), or supplemental oxygen that would increase the oxygen dissolved in plasma. Increased pH. and increase in HPlus. lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen at each Po2. resulting in a shift to the right of the oxyhemogolbin dissociation curve.
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What is chloride shift?
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H₂CO₃ -----> H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ pg 558
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How are the terms acidosis and alkalosis catergorized into respiratory and metabolic components of acid base balance? Hint. Know and understand table 16.10
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How does polycythemia impact the viscosity of blood and a person’s hemacrit?
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Polycythemia occurs when hemoglobing rasises to above normal range. The viscosity will raise. Hemocrit will raise. Pg 553
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