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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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reflex arc
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discovered by sherrington. stimulus experienced by dendrites of sensory neuron on skin, transported to intrinsic neuron in gray matter, transported to motor neuron soma and then transported to muscle fiber
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synaptic delay
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delay of conduction at synapses. conduction along axon is fast
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EPSP
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excitatory and depolarizes
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IPSP
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ihibitory and hyperpolarizes
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catecholamines
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norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine
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types of neurotransmitters
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amino acids, monamines, peptides, purines, gases
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transport of transmitters
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vary from 1mm/day to 100mm/day
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time for transmitters to diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptor
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.5-2ms
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lock and key analogy
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NT is key that opens receptor (lock) and opens ion channels
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ionotropic effects
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10-20ms. opens channels for some type of ion. channels at synapse are ligand-gated and transmitter-gated.
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most excitatory ionotropic synapses use neurotransmitter:
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glutamate
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most inhibitory synapses use neurotransmitter:
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GABA
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neurotransmitter dependent ion channels
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Na+ and Ca++- depolarizing
K+ and Cl- hyperpolarizing |
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metabotropic efects
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sequence of metabolic reactions that are slower and longer lasting than ionotropic effects.
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hormone
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chemical that is secreted by a gland or other type of cell and transported by blood to organs whose activity it influences
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hormone: peptide
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stimulate receptors on target cell
alter sensitivity 2nd messenger |
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hormone: steriod
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pas freely into cell nucleus
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antagonist
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drug that blocks efects of a NT
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agonist
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drug that mimics or increases effects of NT
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drug has affinity to receptor if:
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it can bind to it
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alcohol abuse
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most widely abused drug
biological predisposition interferes with Na+ flow across membrane makes GABA receptor more responsive- relaxation and calmness |
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Korsakoff Syndrome
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Vit B1 defieciency
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nucleus accumbens
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cells responsible for reinofrcement, become less reinforcing- higher tolerance- addiction
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Stimulant
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amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, ritalin. prevent absorption or reuptake of dopamine
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Opiates
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morphine, heroin, methadone. endorphins inhibit GABA which inhibits firing dopamine neurons.dopamine release increases
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Marijuana
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cannabinoids
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neuromodulation
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prolong or limit effects of NT. Modulate neuronal activity.
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peptides
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hormones that stimulate receptors on target cell. alter sensitivity, 2nd messenger
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steroids
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hormones that pass freely into cell nucleus
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enzymatic breakdown and reuptake of NTs
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breadown of NT
detach from receptor deactivate NT autoreceptors |
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sedative-hypnotics
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dalmane, valium
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stimulants
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caffiene, cocaine, tobacco, ridalin
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neuroleptics
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antipsychotics, chlorpromazine
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opiods
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heroin, morphine, narcotics
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depressants
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MAO inhibitors, tricyclics
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hallucinogens
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LSD, marijuana
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antabuse
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blocks enzyme responsible for converting alcohol to acetic acid. can't metabolize alcohol, get sick.
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tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine block
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Catecholamine reuptake
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LSD has strong affinity for
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S (5-HT2) receptor
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organizational effects of hormones
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cell proliferation, cell growth, cell differentiation
early and permanent |
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activational effects of hormones
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modulate cell activity
reproductive behavior late and reversible |
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3 major classes of hormones
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peptides, steroids, thyroid
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hypothalamic hormones are called
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releasing hormones. influence other brain regions and ciculating messages
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anterior pituitary hormones
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non-neural, tropic hormones, GH ACTH TSH FSH LH ICSH. receive hormones from hypothalamus via pituitary portal vein
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posterior pituitary
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hormones from hypothalamus coem via infidulum. ADH, oxytocin. neural input
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pancreatic hormones
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monior glucose levels in bloodstream. alpha cells- glucagon. beta cells- insulin.
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thyroid hormones
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store hormones for about 100 days. produces thyroxine and calcitonin. regulate metabolic processes, carb utilization
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