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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proliferation |
Production of new cells Stem cells continue to divide |
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Migration |
Occurs inside out |
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Differentiation and maturation |
Formation of axons, then dendrites |
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Synaptogenesis |
Formation of synaptic connections Continues throughout life |
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Plasticity |
Changeability Make or remove synapse Strengthen or weaken synapse |
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Neurogenesis |
Process of creating neurons |
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Progenitor |
Differentiate into a specific type of cell |
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Neuroblast |
Embryonic cell from which nerve fibers originate |
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Alpha neuron |
Large, multipolar motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord |
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Gamma motor neuron |
Lower motor neurons part of muscle contraction process |
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Proprioceptors |
Provide calculations on muscle info |
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Upper motor neurons |
Located in brain |
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Lower motor neurons |
Spinal cord, peripheri |
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Corticospinal tract |
Bundle of axons that originate in the cerebral cortex |
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Apraxia |
Motor disorder caused by damage to brain |
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Somatosensory receptors |
Types of receptors in skin Types of receptors in muscles, tendons, joints |
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Kinesthesia |
Ability to sense movement |
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Proprioception |
Ability to know where a body part is |
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Interception |
Sense that arises from the internal organs |
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Pacinian corpuscles |
Skin neurons responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure |
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Meissner's corpuscles |
Responsible for touch in fingertips and toes |
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Free nerve endings |
Responsible for pressure and temp |
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A fibers |
Carry cold, pressure, and some pain receptors |
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A-alpha fibers |
Muscle sense |
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A-beta fibers |
Related to touch |
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A-delta |
Pain |
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C fibers |
Pain (mechanical, thermal, chemical) |
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Lemniscal path |
Ascends dorsal column Crosses over medulla Processes precise touch and kinesthesia |
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Spinothalamic tract |
Crosses over in spinal cord Processes pain and temp |
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Post parietal |
Where |
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What |
Interior parietal |
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Tactile anosia |
Inability to identify objects by touch |
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Substance peptide |
Gate normally open Closed by blocking substance p |
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Pain reduction |
Endorphine release Rubbing area |
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Allodynia |
Abnormal enhance pain response |
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Sensory-discriminitive |
Detect pain, identify source Processed initially in Somatosensory cortex |
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Motivational-affective |
Emotional, motivational factors Processed in anterior cingulate cortex |
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Cognitive- evaluative |
Severity and how to deal with pain Processed in prefrontal cortex |
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Working memory |
Coordinated, temporary storage of info Allows to perform calculations, reading, solve problems |
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WM for object identificaton |
Can hold object or series of objects in mind This can put objects in order |
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Long term potentiation |
Form of plasticity (strengthens connection) Involves upregulation of receptors Input specific Associative |
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Glutamate |
Amino acid neurotransmitter Excitatory transmitter |
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Glutamate 4 receptors |
AMPA is iontropic (na influx) NMDA is iontropic but is blocked by mg Caffeine Monosodium |
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Glycine |
Inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter Present in spinal cord and lower brain |
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GABA |
Inhibitory amino acid transmitter Glutamic acid is a precursor of gaba |
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Tropic molecules |
Guided axons;produced by targets |
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Trophic molecules |
Support survival of cells/axons once target is reached |
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Chemoattractant/chemorepellent |
Growth ones have receptors for these;guide the axon towards target |
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Neural and synaptic pruning |
Born with synaptic connections, these are pruned via apoptosis so functional connections remain |
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Environmental enrichment |
Increases dendritic branching Increases number of synapses |
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Red muscle |
High concentration of myoglobin, slow sustained movements |
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White muscle |
Low concentration of myoglobin, rapid contractions |
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Extrafusal |
Run whole length of musle |
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Intrafusal |
Don't run length of muscle |
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Reciprocal innervention |
Axons of motor neurons that synapse onto a muscle also activate interneurons that inhibit motor neurons that synapse on antagonist muscles |
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Lateral group |
Fine, directed movements, lateral Corticospinal tract |
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Medial group |
Automatic or postural movements; ventromedial tract, interacts with cerebellum, basal ganglia |
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Atonia |
Relaxed state of skeletal muscles |
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Hyperreflexia |
Involuntary nervous system overreacted to external or bodily stimuli |
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Mirror neuron |
Fires when observing or acting |
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Cornea |
Outermost layer Covers eye |
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Aqueous humor |
Structure that supports the lens |
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Pupil |
Allows light to strike retina |
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Lens |
Helps retract light |
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Vitreous humor |
Probably just takes up space |
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Retina |
Inner coat of eye Create image of visual world |
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Optic nerve |
Transmits impulses to brain from retina at back of eyes |
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Optic axis |
Direct line through center of cornea to pupil, lens, and retina |
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Fovea centralis |
Depression in retina where visual acuity is highest |
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Optic disk |
Raised disk in retina at point of entry at optic nerve |
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Sclera |
White part |
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Rods |
Peripheral vision, dim light, night vision |
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Cones |
Bright light/color vision, concentrated in fovea centralis |
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Three layers of receptors |
Visual receptor Bipolar cells Ganglion cells |
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Visual receptor |
Absorb photons |
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Bipolar cells |
Transfer potentials from visual receptors to ganglion cells |
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Ganglion cells |
Behind vitreous humor, fire action potentials, axons from optic nerves |
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Optic chiasm |
X shape formed by crossing optic nerves in brain |
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S cones |
Blue |
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M cones |
Green |
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L cones |
Red |
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Trichromatic theory |
S cones M cones L cones |
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Opponent process theory |
Ganglion cells |
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Mechanoreceptor |
Responds to pressure or distortion |
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Chemoreceptors |
Detect changes in chemical concentrations |
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Lemniscal path |
Goes up through dorsal column Processes precise touch and kinesthesia |
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Spinothalamic tract |
Crosses over in spinal cord Processes pain and temperature |
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Plasticity of Somatosensory system |
Continuously reorganized by experience |
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Gate control theory |
C fibers carry info to substantial gelatinosa Substantia gelatinosa relays info to brain stem Brain stem relays info to cerebral cortex PAG,PVG, or a fibers can stop pain messages by sending inhibitory signals to sibstantia |
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Substance p |
Responder to extreme stimulus |
