Phys/psy

Front 1

The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include

Back 1

positive symptoms and negative symptoms

Front 2

A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of

Back 2

persecution

Front 3

Delusions

Back 3

are beliefs that are contrary to fact

Front 4

The fact that the odds that a child born to two schizophrenic parents will become schizophrenic is less than 50 percent suggests that

Back 4

schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene

Front 5

With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia

Back 5

genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia

Front 6

The risk of a child developing schizophrenia is increased by

Back 6

paternal age

Front 7

The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that

Back 7

dopamine antagonist relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Front 8

Which of the issues below are serious problems for the use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia?

Back 8

These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms

Front 9

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" anti schizophrenic drug because it

Back 9

can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without production the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia

Front 10

An example of a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia would be

Back 10

Having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory

Front 11

Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?

Back 11

The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.

Front 12

Which of the following is true of the seasonality effect

Back 12

the seasonality effect rarely occurs in rural settings

Front 13

The risk of a person developing schizophrenia is higher for a person

Back 13

born in a northern latitude during the late winter months

Front 14

A key prediction of the viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is that

Back 14

children born a few months after a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia

Front 15

Complications of prenatal development and delivery are more likely to result in

Back 15

early-onset schizophrenia

Front 16

The likelihood of developing schizophrenia increases to 31 percent for a person with _______ and _______

Back 16

a family history of schizophrenia; physical anomalies

Front 17

The majority of schizophrenia cases will develop between the ages of

Back 17

20-24

Front 18

Ketamine is used as an anesthetic in children but not adults because

Back 18

adults but not children experience an episode of psychosis when recovering from ketamine anesthesia

Front 19

The major affective disorders are also known as

Back 19

mood disorders

Front 20

Episodes of mania are characterized by

Back 20

intense euphoria

Front 21

Alternating episodes of elation and sadness are referred to as

Back 21

bipolar disorder

Front 22

Susceptibility to develop affective disorder is most strongly associated with

Back 22

specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms

Front 23

Lithium is an effective treatment for ______ but not ________

Back 23

bipolar disorder; unipolar depression

Front 24

The ability of fluoxetine (Prozac) to function as an effective treatment for ____ is related to its capacity to _______

Back 24

depression and obsessive-sumpulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake

Front 25

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances. craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called

Back 25

seasonal affective disorder

Front 26

A key characteristic of anxiety disorders is

Back 26

the presence of unfounded feelings of fear and dread

Front 27

Recurring attacks of acute and debilitating anxiety are a primary symptom of

Back 27

panic disorder

Front 28

Which of the following is a trigger for inducing a panic attack

Back 28

injection of lattice acid

Front 29

A person who cannot control his or her anxiety will exhibit

Back 29

an increase in neuronal activity within the amygdala

Front 30

A problem for using benzodiazepine drugs as long-term anxiety treatment is that these drugs

Back 30

cause sedation

Front 31

An obsession is a ______. while a compulsion is a ____

Back 31

thought; behavior

Front 32

Although obsessions are seen in schizophrenia and in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a person with OCD

Back 32

is aware of the obsession and would like it to stop

Front 33

Deep brain stimulation of the ____ is partially effective in treating ____

Back 33

sub thalamic nucleus; OCD

Front 34

The specific compulsion known as ____ involves hair pulling

Back 34

trichotillomania

Front 35

The childhood disorder known as autism

Back 35

includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities

Front 36

____ is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves deficient social interactions, stereotyped behavior, and obsessive interest in a narrow field

Back 36

Reit's syndrome

Front 37

A general finding is that the brains of autistic children exhibit

Back 37

enlarged brain size

Front 38

A persistent difficulty in concentrating, remaining still, and working on a task are the key characteristics of

Back 38

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Front 39

The observation that ____ is an effective treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggests that ADHD results from ____

Back 39

methylphenidate; under stimulation of dopamine transmission

Front 40

A situation or stimulus in the environment that is perceived as being threatening or aversive is deemed to be

Back 40

a stressor

Front 41

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because

Back 41

stress can increase blood pressure

Front 42

A person who has been subjected to long-term stress

Back 42

is more likely to suffer poorer health later in life

Front 43

Long-term exposure to steroids can result in

Back 43

reduced blood pressure

Front 44

Intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror are key symptoms of

Back 44

post traumatic stress disorder

Front 45

Which of the following is true to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Back 45

Women are more likely than men to develop PTSD

Front 46

A person with ____ who is exposed to a trim is more likely to develop post traumatic stress disorder

Back 46

a past history of trauma

Front 47

____ refers to the study of the interactions among the nervous system, the immune system, and environmental stimuli

Back 47

Psychoneuroimmunology

Front 48

The immune system develops ____ through exposure to ____

Back 48

antibodies; antigens

Front 49

The primary means by which the immune system defense agains invading organisms is to

Back 49

generate antibodies that bind to and kill a foreign cell

Front 50

The key role of immunoglobulins in immune functions is to

Back 50

bind to antigens on the membrane of a foreign cell

Front 51

Which of the following is a known negative consequence of alcohol addiction?

Back 51

fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 52

Which of the following is an adverse consequence of the use of "designer drugs"?

Back 52

toxic consequences of drug adulteration

Front 53

Your text suggests that ____ is the most universally used recreational drug

Back 53

ethyl alcohol

Front 54

The use of ___ by pregnant women leads to reduced birth weight.

Back 54

nicotine in tobacco

Front 55

Drugs are reinforcing when

Back 55

they rapidly activate the reinforcement mechanism

Front 56

The drug ___ is an agonist at CB1 receptors.

Back 56

marijuana

Front 57

The drug ___ blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Back 57

cocaine

Front 58

Match up the correct pairing of a drug with its site of action:

Back 58

amphetamine; release of dopamine

Front 59

the key property of addictive drugs relates to

Back 59

their rapid reinforcing effects

Front 60

Which of the following is an explanation of why drug addicts prefer heroin over morphine?

Back 60

heroin exerts effects on the brain faster than does morphine

Front 61

Micro dialysis studies indicate that administration of ___ will enhance extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Back 61

alcohol, PCP, or amphetamine

Front 62

Which of the following is true of the neural substrates of reinforecement?

Back 62

release of dopamine within the accumbent is a necessary condition for reinforcement

Front 63

Early changes in the brain during exposure to addictive drugs involves the insertion of ___ receptors into neuron membranes located within the ___.

Back 63

AMPA; VTA

Front 64

Activation of neurons within the ___ during repeated drug injection appears to play a key role in the compulsive nature of drug abuse

Back 64

dorsal striatum

Front 65

Volkow and colleagues, using an imaging technique, reported that release of dopamine in the ___ was increased by human exposure to drug-associated cues.

Back 65

dorsal striatum

Front 66

persons in the ___ age group are most likely to develop drug addiction

Back 66

15-18

Front 67

Infusions of the neuropeptide ___ into the ___ reinstates drug taking that was previously extinguished

Back 67

orexin; VTA

Front 68

Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving

Back 68

an injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding

Front 69

the ___ plays a key role in the extinction of drug responding

Back 69

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 70

Which of the following situations would be likely to induce the greatest craving in an alcoholic

Back 70

sitting is his or her favorite bar during happy hour

Front 71

Imaging studies suggest that the activity of the ___ is inversely proportional to the amount of cocaine that users take each week

Back 71

medial prefrontal cortex

Front 72

a rat is trained to self-administer cocaine. Saline is substituted for the cocaine solution, which results in extinction of responding. In this situation, the capacity for a "free" shot of cocaine to reinstate responding for cocaine can be blocked by

Back 72

injection of AMPA into the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 73

Long-term drug use can result in

Back 73

structural abnormalities of the prefrontal cortex

Front 74

an important comorbidity of schizophrenia is

Back 74

substance abuse disorder

Front 75

a common factor that promotes relapse in recovered drug addicts is

Back 75

the experience of stress

Front 76

the drug ___ is unique in that is will NOT support addiction

Back 76

LSD

Front 77

Which of the following drugs is addictive in humans but dos not harm health or induce intoxication

Back 77

caffeine

Front 78

the analgesic effect of opiates is due to activation of neurons within the

Back 78

periaqueductal gray matter

Front 79

Opiate receptors in the ___ are responsible for the sedation accused by opiate drugs

Back 79

mesencephalic reticular formation

Front 80

Rats are made dependent on morphine and then given an injection of naloxone while housed in a novel cage. You would expect these rats to express

Back 80

an aversion to the cage in which naloxone caused withdrawal

Front 81

cocaine and amphetamine

Back 81

may cause psychotic behavior and resembles schizophrenia

Front 82

the behavioral effects of amphetamine are due to

Back 82

its ability to directly release dopamine from the terminal buttons

Front 83

which of the following statements about the effects of cocaine in laboratory animals are true

Back 83

rats that self-injected cocaine were three times more likely to die from an overdose than rats who self-injected heroin

Front 84

chronic abuse of methamphetamine reduces the number of dopamine transporters in the brain, which may explain why these addicts

Back 84

are more prone to develop parkinson's disease as they age

Front 85

which of the following may explain why smokers obtain more pleasure from smoking in the morning than late in the afternoon

Back 85

abstinence from nicotine has reset their nicotine receptors to the closed state

Front 86

the drug rimonabant

Back 86

diminishes craving for smoking during smoking cessation

Front 87

patients who suffered damage to their ___ were able to effortlessly quit smoking

Back 87

insula

Front 88

at low does, alcohol

Back 88

has an anxiolytic effect

Front 89

use of ___ by pregnant women is the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States

Back 89

alcohol

Front 90

the analytic effects of alcohol may be due to

Back 90

increased sensitivity of GABA receptors

Front 91

administration of haloperidol to a person before he or she consumed alcohol would be expected to

Back 91

decrease his or her alcohol consumption

Front 92

imagine that a friend has ingested a drug that prevents alcohol from binding to the GABA receptor and then joins up with you at a bar. Which of the following would you expect to happen to this person?

Back 92

he or she would show no signs of sedation, even after 19 beers

Front 93

the chemical cannabidiol is a component of marijuana that

Back 93

has antipsychotic effects

Front 94

research on the genetics of drug dependence indicates that

Back 94

alcoholism and smoking share common genetic factors

Front 95

according to the research of Goldman and colleagues, the heritability of ___ is highest while that of ___ is lowest.

Back 95

cocaine; hallucinogens

Front 96

susceptibility to alcoholism is most likely linked to variability in

Back 96

reactivity to environment stressors

Front 97

the drug ___ is useful for the treatment of opiate overdose

Back 97

naloxone

Front 98

a major difficulty for the treatment of opiate addiction is that antagonists for the opiate receptors

Back 98

produce craving for the opiate

Front 99

a possible treatment for cocaine addiction involving the immune system would be to administer

Back 99

antibodies to cocaine

Front 100

the drug ___ is able to act a s a substitute for heroin but has low abuse potential because it has a slow onset of and duration of action

Back 100

methadone

Front 101

A ___ is a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function in the body.

Back 101

tumor

Front 102

Which of the following is true of a benign brain tumor

Back 102

benign tumors are encapsulated

Front 103

The key characteristic of a malignant tumor is that such a tumor

Back 103

can give off cancerous cells that in turn reach distant sites

Front 104

Malignant brain tumors are deadly because such tumors

Back 104

give off cells that travel to other body areas and result in new tumors

Front 105

Malignant brain tumors directly damage brain tissue by

Back 105

compression and infiltration

Front 106

___is characterized by periodic bouts of abnormally high excitation of cerebral neurons

Back 106

Seizure disorder

Front 107

A convulsion occurs when a seizure

Back 107

involves the motor cortex

Front 108

In contrast to simple partial seizures, complex partial seizures involve

Back 108

a loss of consciousness

Front 109

During the ___ of a grand mal seizure, the person experiences ___

Back 109

a tonic phase; contraction of all skeletal muscles

Front 110

The ___ seizure disorder is often seen in children and is characterized by a spell of absence

Back 110

petit mal

Front 111

A person who has a series of seizures without regaining consciousness would be classified as having

Back 111

status epilepticus

Front 112

The most common cause of seizure disorder is

Back 112

scarring produced by damage within the brain

Front 113

Hemorrhagic strokes cause brain damage by

Back 113

exerting pressure on surrounding tissue

Front 114

Removal of brain tissue in or around a seizure focus

Back 114

can improve psychological functioning

Front 115

The mode of action for most anticonvulsant drugs involves

Back 115

enhancing the effectiveness of inhibitory synapses in the brain

Front 116

Prolonged interruption of the blood supply to a region of the brain results in

Back 116

ischemia

Front 117

An ischemic stroke involves ___ within the brain

Back 117

obstruction of blood flow

Front 118

Which of the following is true regarding strokes

Back 118

the risk of stroke increases with age

Front 119

A 50-year-old man has experienced a major stroke caused by a thrombus that occluded brain blood vessels. To prevent the occurrence of another stroke, his physicians would most likely

Back 119

administer an anticoagulant

Front 120

Atherosclerosis involves

Back 120

a buildup of plaque within arteries

Front 121

A dangerous blockage of the coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque can be opened by

Back 121

placing a stent within the blocked artery segment

Front 122

Closed head injury

Back 122

involves damage to the cortex, axons, and ventricles

Front 123

Brain development in a fetus whose mother contracted German measles early in the pregnancy is impaired because the rubella virus

Back 123

produces toxins that interfere with the chemical signals that control brain development

Front 124

A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves

Back 124

abnormal facial development

Front 125

A key pathway through which alcohol disrupts normal brain development is by interfering with

Back 125

a protein that helps guide neuronal growth in the developing brain

Front 126

The prevention of mental retardation in a child suffering phenylketonuria requires early diagnosis and

Back 126

a diet low in phenylalanine

Front 127

___is a metabolic disorder in which an infant requires larger-than-normal amounts of vitamin B6 to avoid neurological symptoms

Back 127

Phyridoxine dependency

Front 128

A child that has Ty-Sachs disease would be expected to show

Back 128

exaggerated startle responses, listlessness, and irritability

Front 129

The term congenital refers to a brain

Back 129

condition present at birth

Front 130

The mental retardation shown in Down syndrome is caused by

Back 130

the presence of an extra 21st chromosome

Front 131

Whether a fetus will be born with Down syndrome is related to

Back 131

the age of the mother at the time of pregnancy

Front 132

The etiology of Down syndrome involves

Back 132

abnormal cell division of an egg from the mother

Front 133

a physical exam of the mother using ___ can diagnose the presence of Down syndrome in her fetus before birth

Back 133

amniocentesis

Front 134

Which of the following is true of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE)

Back 134

TSEs are caused by simple proteins termed prions

Front 135

___ is associated with the consumption of tainted human flesh

Back 135

Kuru

Front 136

Prions kill neurons by

Back 136

inducing apoptosis

Front 137

___ is caused by degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons of the substantial nigra

Back 137

Parkinson's disease

Front 138

The standard drug treatment for Parkinson's disease is the daily administration of

Back 138

L-DOPA

Front 139

A key distinction is that Parkinson's disease ___, whereas Huntington's disease ___

Back 139

is characterized by a poverty of movement; is characterized by uncontrollable ones

Front 140

___ is a degenerative disorder involving a defective gene on chromosome 4 that results in jerky uncontrollable movements

Back 140

Huntington's disease

Front 141

The term dementia refers to

Back 141

deterioration of intellectual abilities caused by an organic brain disorder

Front 142

The primary cognitive deficit associated with Alzheimer's disease involves

Back 142

a progressive loss of memory

Front 143

Alzheimer's disease appears to be caused by excessive levels of ___ in the brain

Back 143

the long form of the AB protein

Front 144

Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's patients with ___ can improve cognitive performance relative to that of control patients

Back 144

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs

Front 145

An autoimmune reaction that damages ___ is the cause of the multiple sclerosis

Back 145

the myelin sheaths surrounding nerve cells

Front 146

The etiology of multiple sclerosis may involve

Back 146

damage to the blood-brain barrier by a virus

Front 147

The most common infectious diseases that cause neurological disorders are ___ and ___

Back 147

encephalitis; meningitis

Front 148

Rabies is a types of

Back 148

viral encephalitis

Front 149

The most common cause of encephalitis is

Back 149

a virus transmitted by mosquitoes

Front 150

A key symptom of meningitis is

Back 150

the experience of a stiff neck