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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eval-observational:
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MPD, observation of breathing aptterns, observation of diaphragm, observation of abdominal cavity.
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Eval-instrumental:
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spirometer-volume
manometer-pressure pneumotachograph-flow and air volume. |
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running speech activities:
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reading aloud, extemporaneous speech/monologue, conversational speech.
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Variable based rating:
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breath group length, average loudness, loudness variability, inspiratory duration.
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volume is measured in:
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liters (l) or millileters (ml), cubic centimeters (cc or cm3), or as percent of vital capacity (%vc).
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non-speech volume measuring activities:
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forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, maximum voluntary ventilation.
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respiratory kinematic analysis:
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lung volumes are estimated from ribcage and abdominal movement during speech.
Movement of RC and abdomen displaces volume as they expand and contract during inhalation and exhalation, thus reflecting changing volumes of the thorax and abdomen. |
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Inductance Plethysmograph:
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measures rib cage and abdomen movement.
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linearized magnetometers:
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measures chest wall and abdomen movement.
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volume of air expended=
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initiation value-termination value
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types of pressures (in cmH20):
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alveolar pressure, subglottal pressure (tracheal pressure), maximum intraoral pressure (maximum expiratory pressure).
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pressure needed for conversational speech is:
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5-10cm H20.
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airflow (volume velcoity)-
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a measure of a volume of air moving in a certain direction at a particular location per unit of time.
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potential problems due to vocal fold adduction:
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too much airflow through glottis=breathy.
too little airflow through glottis=tense & strained. |
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potential problems due to velum (VP port):
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not closed (not enough resistance)=hypernasality.
too much resistance= |
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factors that affect air flow: (manner)
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manner-peak flow produced during stops and fricatives.
release of stops: flow of 600ml/sec for children and 900ml/sec for adults. |
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factors that affect air flow: (age)
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toddlers use about 100ml/syllable then flow decreases.
children 7-16 yrs. use approx. 35-60ml/syllable. |
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total lung volume:
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~5000ml
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residual volume:
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~1500ml
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vital capacity:
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~3500
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types of pressures (in cmH20):
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alveolar pressure, subglottal pressure (tracheal pressure), maximum intraoral pressure (maximum expiratory pressure).
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pressure needed for conversational speech is:
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5-10cm H20.
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airflow (volume velcoity)-
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a measure of a volume of air moving in a certain direction at a particular location per unit of time.
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potential problems due to vocal fold adduction:
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too much airflow through glottis=breathy.
too little airflow through glottis=tense & strained. |
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potential problems due to velum (VP port):
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not closed (not enough resistance)=hypernasality.
too much resistance= |
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factors that affect air flow: (manner)
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manner-peak flow produced during stops and fricatives.
release of stops: flow of 600ml/sec for children and 900ml/sec for adults. |
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factors that affect air flow: (age)
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toddlers use about 100ml/syllable then flow decreases.
children 7-16 yrs. use approx. 35-60ml/syllable. |
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total lung volume:
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~5000ml
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residual volume:
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~1500ml
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vital capacity:
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~3500
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expiratory reserve volume:
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~1500ml
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resting volume:
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40-50% of VC=1800ml above the residual volume.
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tidal volume:
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~500ml
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minimum pressure required to generate speech:
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~3-5cm H20
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rate of airflow:
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~150ml/sec.
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MPD:
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~15-20 seconds
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problem we typically work with:
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flow or pressure issues rather than volume issues.
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management issues:
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posture, pushing and pulling exercises, prosthetic binders or corsets, deeper inhalation in order to facilitate greater recoil.
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laryngeal events during speech:
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vocal fold adducted, stop the flow of air, build pressure beneath closure, produce vibrations of vocal folds, alter vibratory rate depending on the nature of speech to be produced, abduct vocal fold at the end of the breath group, adduct again to continue the cycle.
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adducting and abducting the vocal folds
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crico-arytenoid joints, movement of the arytenoid, muscles that facilitate the movement of the arytenoid.
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modifying the voice: altering length, stiffness, and tension of vocal folds:
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crico-thyroid joint, muscles facilitating the modifications, layers of the vocal folds.
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Arytenoid cartilage
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located on sloping border of cricoid cartilage. each cartilage has base, apex, and 3 surfaces. On apex is corniculate cartilage. Posterio-lateral surface has a muscular process. Undersurface of the muscular process is concave so that it fits well into the articular facet of the cricoid. Anterior angle near base is called vocal process where the vocal ligament inserts.
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crico-arytenoid joint
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located on lateral sloping part of cricoid and is elliptical and convex. membranes help with connection. provides the arytenoid a means to rock, glide and some rotation motion. helps in adduction (inward and downward) and abduction (upward and outward).
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Muscles that aide in VF adduction:
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LCA & IA
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LCA:
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fan shaped muscle that is located deep with reference to the thyroid. originates from the upper border of the anterolateral arch of the cricoid cartilage. they course upward, backward and inserts into the muscular process and the anterior surface of the arytenoid. rotates the arytenoid cartilage that brings the vocal processes toward the midline. main muscle that regulates medial compression.
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IA:
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located on posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage. Two parts: oblique arytenoid & transverse arytenoid. they help in approximating the arytenoids together by sliding the cartilage.
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Muscles that aide in VF abduction:
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PCA
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PCA:
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intrinsic muscle with abducter functions. broad fan shaped muscle that originates from the posterior surface of the cricoid lamina. tow parts: lateral bundle that inserts on the upper surface of the muscular process of the arytenoid. and medial bundle attached to the short tendon on the posterior surface of the muscular process.
lateral bundle helps in abduction by rotating the arytenoid and moving the vocal process laterally and upward. LCA and IA work in opposition to the PCA. |
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Crico-thyroid joint:
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pivot joint bound by capsular ligaments that restricts movement. helps in bringing differences in vocal fold length and tension.
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CT
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fan shaped muscle that is broader above. arises from the anterolateral arch of the cricoid cartilage and divides into 2 parts-Pars oblique and pars recta.
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as a result of CT contraction:
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the cartilages (either thyroid or cricoid) will move. VF will be stretched.
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TA:
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forms the main mass of the vocal folds. consists 2 portions-vocalis muscle (vibrating mass of VF) and Thyroidmuscularis muscle (lateral to vocalis muscle).
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TA superior fibers do what?
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flank the vocal ligament. They start as being vertically oriented and become horizontal as they course posteriorly. during abduction, the twisted muscle unwinds.
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TA regulates?
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longitudinal tension. whenunopposed, it relaxes the VF and can also adduct the glottal space. When opposed it can tense the VF.
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VF originate from?
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thyroid cartilage (near the angle and below the notch) and end at the posterior commisures of the aryenoid cartilages.
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VF consists of?
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thyrovocalis muscle, vocal ligament and epithelium.
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Glottis is?
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the space between the two cords.
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VF composed of?
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anterior 2/3 comprised of membranous VF and posterior 1/3 comprised of cartilaginous vocal process.
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(vf layers) epithelium:
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outer layer-stratified squamous, thin and stiff. maintains shape of VF.
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superficial layer of lamina propria (.5mm thick)
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AKA Reinke's space. loose and pliable. SImilar to soft gelatin. Most active in VF vibration.
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problems that can occur within lamina propria:
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when stiffened, dysphonia results. poor lymphatic drainage contributes to nodules.
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intermediate layer of lamina propria
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elastic fibers (sof rubber band)
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deep layer of lamina propria:
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collagenous fibers (bundle of cotton thread)
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(thyro) Vocalis muscle:
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main body of vocal fold (siff rubber band)
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vocal ligament:
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intermediate and deep layers.
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active forces acting on system:
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intrinsic and extrinsic muscle contraction.
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passive forces acting on vocal folds:
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natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues. gravity. surface tension b/t structures in opposition.
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epiglottis:
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NO movement on its own but has recoil. aryepiglottic fold/muscle lowers epiglottis. upward movement of laryngeal housing also helps.
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epiglottis:
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NO movement on its own but has recoil. aryepiglottic fold/muscle lowers epiglottis. upward movement of laryngeal housing also helps.
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movement of the laryngeal housing:
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supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid. upward/forward or downward/backward. can be fixed in 1 position as well.
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movement of the laryngeal housing:
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supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid. upward/forward or downward/backward. can be fixed in 1 position as well.
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Adduction VF pre-phonation needs to involve the following processes:
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medial compression (LCA & IA), longitudinal tension (CT & TA).
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Adduction VF pre-phonation needs to involve the following processes:
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medial compression (LCA & IA), longitudinal tension (CT & TA).
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pre-phonation phase:
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getting the VF from an abducted to a partially/completely adducted position.
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epiglottis:
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NO movement on its own but has recoil. aryepiglottic fold/muscle lowers epiglottis. upward movement of laryngeal housing also helps.
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pre-phonation phase:
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getting the VF from an abducted to a partially/completely adducted position.
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Attack phase:
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initial few vibratory cycles in midline.
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Attack phase:
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initial few vibratory cycles in midline.
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movement of the laryngeal housing:
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supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid. upward/forward or downward/backward. can be fixed in 1 position as well.
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myoelastic-aerodynamic theory:
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vocal fold vibration is passive and the driver is the expiratory air flow.
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myoelastic-aerodynamic theory:
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vocal fold vibration is passive and the driver is the expiratory air flow.
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Adduction VF pre-phonation needs to involve the following processes:
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medial compression (LCA & IA), longitudinal tension (CT & TA).
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bernoulli effect:
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got vf in midline, got air, air builds up glottal pressure, peaks at 3-4 cm h20, system bursts open, air rushes out. results in negative pressure that's perpendicular. it's a passive force.
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bernoulli effect:
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got vf in midline, got air, air builds up glottal pressure, peaks at 3-4 cm h20, system bursts open, air rushes out. results in negative pressure that's perpendicular. it's a passive force.
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pre-phonation phase:
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getting the VF from an abducted to a partially/completely adducted position.
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why is negative pressure generated?
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the rate at which air flows through a tube is a product of the density of the mass. the velocity of mass and cross-sectional area of tube and this relationship is constant. of velocity of air column at the glottis will increase as it moves through glottis, pressure has to decrease in order to keep product constant.
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why is negative pressure generated?
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the rate at which air flows through a tube is a product of the density of the mass. the velocity of mass and cross-sectional area of tube and this relationship is constant. of velocity of air column at the glottis will increase as it moves through glottis, pressure has to decrease in order to keep product constant.
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Attack phase:
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initial few vibratory cycles in midline.
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phases of VF vibration:
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closed phase, opening phase, closing phase.
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phases of VF vibration:
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closed phase, opening phase, closing phase.
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myoelastic-aerodynamic theory:
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vocal fold vibration is passive and the driver is the expiratory air flow.
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displacement or mode of VF vibration:
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displacement along horizontal plane, along vertical plane, mucosal wave (hand dryer)
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displacement or mode of VF vibration:
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displacement along horizontal plane, along vertical plane, mucosal wave (hand dryer)
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bernoulli effect:
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got vf in midline, got air, air builds up glottal pressure, peaks at 3-4 cm h20, system bursts open, air rushes out. results in negative pressure that's perpendicular. it's a passive force.
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why is negative pressure generated?
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the rate at which air flows through a tube is a product of the density of the mass. the velocity of mass and cross-sectional area of tube and this relationship is constant. of velocity of air column at the glottis will increase as it moves through glottis, pressure has to decrease in order to keep product constant.
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phases of VF vibration:
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closed phase, opening phase, closing phase.
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displacement or mode of VF vibration:
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displacement along horizontal plane, along vertical plane, mucosal wave (hand dryer)
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epiglottis:
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NO movement on its own but has recoil. aryepiglottic fold/muscle lowers epiglottis. upward movement of laryngeal housing also helps.
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movement of the laryngeal housing:
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supra-hyoid and infra-hyoid. upward/forward or downward/backward. can be fixed in 1 position as well.
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Adduction VF pre-phonation needs to involve the following processes:
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medial compression (LCA & IA), longitudinal tension (CT & TA).
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pre-phonation phase:
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getting the VF from an abducted to a partially/completely adducted position.
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Attack phase:
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initial few vibratory cycles in midline.
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myoelastic-aerodynamic theory:
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vocal fold vibration is passive and the driver is the expiratory air flow.
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bernoulli effect:
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got vf in midline, got air, air builds up glottal pressure, peaks at 3-4 cm h20, system bursts open, air rushes out. results in negative pressure that's perpendicular. it's a passive force.
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why is negative pressure generated?
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the rate at which air flows through a tube is a product of the density of the mass. the velocity of mass and cross-sectional area of tube and this relationship is constant. of velocity of air column at the glottis will increase as it moves through glottis, pressure has to decrease in order to keep product constant.
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phases of VF vibration:
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closed phase, opening phase, closing phase.
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displacement or mode of VF vibration:
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displacement along horizontal plane, along vertical plane, mucosal wave (hand dryer)
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how are VF set in motion?
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Laryngeal system is preset for voice production by the neural system
This facilitates the co-ordination with the respiratory system VF adduct/partially adduct resulting in increased Psub This bursts the VF seal and with air beginning to escape, it interacts with the VF layers that are inherently pliable This also results in –ve pressures that sucks the VF back This complex interaction of air flow from the lungs, unique VF anatomy and its physical properties and neural priming results in VF vibration |
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physical aspects of voice:
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Laryngeal Opposing Pressure
Laryngeal Airway Resistance Translaryngeal Air flow and pressure Relative size and shape of the glottis Stiffness of the Vocal folds VF mass/Thickness |
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frequency formula=
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F=T/ML
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males and females frequencies:
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males 130Hz, females 220Hz
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Ct and TA coordinate their activations to result in changes in:
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fundamental frequency
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during running speech activities:
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VF moves in and out of midline to modify air flow. FF change is large (tone/intonation). Air pressure is stable but declines at end of breath group.
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Psub how many cmH20 higher for shouting?
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20cmH20 higher
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capacity to vary FO is greatest at-
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mid-range of SPL scale.
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what dictates voice quality?
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combo of vibratory characteristics, vocal tract shape and configuration.
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a typical speaking voice has ___ registers.
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3
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3 types of registers?
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modal=typically used.
pulse=lowest. loft=highest. |
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properties of pulse register:
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VF approximation is prolonged, glottis opening small, lower air pressure and flow, VF short, thick, slack and compliant.
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Falsetto or loft register:
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heightened activity of CT, high air flow and Psub.
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Newborn epiglottis:
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in contact with the soft palate permitting the infant to breathe and nurse simultaneously.
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thyroid and hyoid in direct contact!
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true
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4 voicing signals in newborns:
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birth-short duration.
pain signal-long duration, high pitched. hunger signal-rising & falling of pitch. pleasure signal-nasal, variable pitch. |
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VF length by age:
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birth- 4-6 mm.
age 6- 8-9 mm. males- 17-20/25 mm. females- 12.5-17 mm. |
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VF thickness
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~5mm
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vocal ligament develops at what age?
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4
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by adulthood the thyroid lamina angle is:
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males-84 degrees
females-92.5 degrees |
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why are adult females more breathy than males?
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difference in glottis closure-opening in the cartilaginous aspects in females vs. a more complete closure in males.
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when does ossification of thyroid begin?
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3rd decade for men, 4th decade for women.
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