Phys Lecture 18 Metab And Nutrition

Front 1

Nutritional Science

Back 1

investigates the metabolic and physiologic aspects of the body as related to diet/study of all processes of growth, main & repair of the living body-dep on the intake of food

Front 2

Carbohydrates

Back 2

compounds made up of sugar, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, etc
one gram carb=4kcal

Front 3

Fats

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Unbranched hydrocarbon chains connected by single (saturated) or double (unsaturated) bonds
one gram fat=9kcal

Front 4

Vitamins

Back 4

organic compound required in tiny amounts, serve as coenzymes in metabolism, must be obtained in diet

Front 5

Minerals

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inorganic chemical compounds

Front 6

Nutrients necessary for human growth and development

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Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
Vitamins & Minerals
Water
Oxygen

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Non-essential nutrient

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a nutrient that may be formed in the body from excess amts of other nutrients--also includes dietary fiber

Front 8

Essential nutrient

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a nutrient that cannot be synthesized, must be consumed

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Energy is obtained

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Directly-from ATP
Indirectly-cellular respiration of glucose, fatty acids, ketones, amino acids and others

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Proteins

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organic compounds consisting of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
one gram protein=4kcal

Front 11

When caloric intake is greater than energy expenditure, the excess is stored as

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Fat

Front 12

Metabolic Rate (MR)

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Total rate of body metabolism, measure by amt of O2 consumed by body/minute and the amount of heat released

Front 13

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

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MR of awake, relaxed person 12-14 hrs after eating and at a comfortable temp--inf. by age, sex, body surface area, activity level, thyroid horm levels, but most sig by temp and phys act

Front 14

Average daily kcal requirements

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Men-2900kcal/day
Women-2100kcal/day

Front 15

Rate of chemical rxns is controlled by

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Temperature

Front 16

Anabolism

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Synthesis and energy storage rxns/food provides raw material,
synthesis of protein, glycogen, other polymers, E required

Front 17

Catabolism

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Energy liberating reactions, breakdown into smaller units, usu via hydrolysis, E released

Front 18

Turnover Rate

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Rate at which a molecule is broken down and re-synthesized

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Turnover Rates
Carbs
Proteins
Fats

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TO carbs 250g/day
net need 150g/day
TO proteins 150g/day
net need 35g/day
TO fats 100 g/day Low net need

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Two essential fatty acids

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Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
(Omega 6's)

Front 21

When caloric intake is greater than energy expenditure, the excess is stored as

Back 21

Fat

Front 22

Metabolic Rate (MR)

Back 22

Total rate of body metabolism, measure by amt of O2 consumed by body/minute and the amount of heat released

Front 23

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Back 23

MR of awake, relaxed person 12-14 hrs after eating and at a comfortable temp--inf. by age, sex, body surface area, activity level, thyroid horm levels, but most sig by temp and phys act

Front 24

Average daily kcal requirements

Back 24

Men-2900kcal/day
Women-2100kcal/day

Front 25

Rate of chemical rxns is controlled by

Back 25

Temperature

Front 26

Anabolism

Back 26

Synthesis and energy storage rxns/food provides raw material,
synthesis of protein, glycogen, other polymers, E required

Front 27

Catabolism

Back 27

Energy liberating reactions, breakdown into smaller units, usu via hydrolysis, E released

Front 28

Turnover Rate

Back 28

Rate at which a molecule is broken down and re-synthesized

Front 29

Turnover Rates
Carbs
Proteins
Fats

Back 29

TO carbs 250g/day
net need 150g/day
TO proteins 150g/day
net need 35g/day
TO fats 100 g/day Low net need

Front 30

Two essential fatty acids

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Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
(Omega 6's)

Front 31

Vitamins Classes

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Fat soluble- A, D, E & K
Water soluble-B1/thiamine, B2/riboflavin, B3/niacin, B6/pyridoxine, B12/pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, C/ascorbic acid

Front 32

Vitamin A

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collective term for retinoids
found in yellow fruit and vegetables
imp for regulating embryonic dev, maint of epithelial str&fx, vision

Front 33

Vitamin D

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necessary for intestinal absorption of Ca and P

Front 34

Vitamin E

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alpha-tocopherol
imp antioxidant fxs

Front 35

Vitamin K

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promotes clotting reaction
found in green, leafy vegetables

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Antioxidants

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inactivate free radicals which damage tissue

Front 37

B vitamins

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increase metabolic rate
maint skin and muscle tone
enhance immune and NS fx
promote cell growth & division
combat stress, depress &CVD

Front 38

Vitamin C/Ascorbic Acid

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cofactor for enzymatic reactions
antioxidant

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Minerals/elements

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function as co-factors for specific enzymes

Front 40

Minerals needed daily in large amts

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sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, chloride

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Minerals needed in trace amounts

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iron, zinc, manganese, fluorine, copper, molybdenum, chromium, selenium

Front 42

Free Radicals

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Atoms w/ unpaired electrons in outer orbital
Highly reactive molecules which oxidize or reduce other atoms
Major FRs are ROS or RNS

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Free Radical imp. physiological functions

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help destroy bacteria,produce vasodilation, stimulate lymphocyte proliferation/can exert oxid. stress inducing dz, can damage lipids, prot, DNA

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Enzymes that neutralize free radicals

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Superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase

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Non-enzymes that neutralize free radicals

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Glutathione, Vit. C, Vit. E
(antioxidant molecules)

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Adipocytes

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store and release fat
secrete adipokines when PPARy receptors are activated, that regulate hunger, metabolism, insulin sensitivity

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Adipokines

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adiponectin
leptin
resistin
TNF-alpha
retinol BP4

Front 48

Adipocyte horm (TNF-a, resistin, retinol BP4, leptin) are increased in obesity and Type II Diabetes/reduce sensitivity of muscle in insulin

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Adipocyte hormone, adiponectin, is decreased in obesity and Type II diabetes, insulin-sensitizing/anti-diabetic effect

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Front 50

Regulation of hunger

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-part. controlled by ventromedial & lateral regions of hypothalamus
-involves a number of NTs
-arcuate nucleus of hypothal

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Hunger Regulation

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controlled partially by vm and lateral regions of hypothalamus, by arcuate nucleus, NTs

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MSH

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NT which suppresses appetite via binding to its receptor melanocortin 4 receptor (obesity is related to mutations with this receptor)

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NT Regulation of Hunger
Endorphins
NE
Serotonin

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End-promote overeating
NE-promote overeating
Ser-suppresses overeating

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Agouti-related Peptide and Neuropeptide Y

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NTs that increase hunger

Front 55

Reg of Hunger (Stomach and SI)
Ghrelin

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stimulated hunger
secreted by stomach at high levels when empty, low levels when full
(short-term hunger regulation)

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Reg of Hunger (Stomach and SI)
CCK (choleycystokinin)

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from SI
promotes satiety
levels rise during and imm. after a meal
(short-term hunger regulation)

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Leptin (long-term hunger regulation)

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satiety factor secreted by adipocytes
increased secretion as stored fat increases
suppresses Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide, stim. MSH

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Insulin in hunger regulation

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may play a role in satiety via suppression of Neuropeptide Y

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Normal Fasting Glucose

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65-105mg/dl

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Glucagon

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secreted by pancreatic alpha cells when blood glucose is low, promotes catabolism (glycogenolysis) & stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketogenesis

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Insulin

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produced by pancreatic beta cells when blood glucose is high
GLUT 4 pathway to move glucose from blood to cells, promotes anabolism/synthesis of nutrients

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ANS on Insulin and Glucagon

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Parasym NS stimulates insulin
Symp NS stimulates glucagon

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Type I Diabetes

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autoimmune dz, beta cells destroyed by Killer Ts, fatty acids converted to ketones=ketoacidosis, sympt: pu/pd, dehydration, metabolic acidosis

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Type II Diabetes

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metabolic disorder
chronic development
insulin resistance (beta cells are intact)

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Hypoglycemia

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abnormally low level of blood sugar due to oversecretion of insulin, occurs in those predisposed to Type II DM

Front 66

Insulin antagonists

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adrenal hormones (Epi/NE and cortisol)
promotes lipolysis, ketogenesis, protein degradation, glycogenolysis

Front 67

Insulin synergists

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thyroxine and growth hormone

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Thyroxine (T4)

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regulates rate of cellular resp
necessary for growth/development, esp of CNS
increases metabolic heat (calorigenic effect)/essential for cold adaptation

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Growth Hormone

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aka somatotropin
circadian pattern (gtr during sleep)

Front 70

Insulin

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produced by pancreatic beta cells when blood glucose is high
GLUT 4 pathway to move glucose from blood to cells, promotes anabolism/synthesis of nutrients

Front 71

ANS on Insulin and Glucagon

Back 71

Parasym NS stimulates insulin
Symp NS stimulates glucagon

Front 72

Type I Diabetes

Back 72

autoimmune dz, beta cells destroyed by Killer Ts, fatty acids converted to ketones=ketoacidosis, sympt: pu/pd, dehydration, metabolic acidosis

Front 73

Type II Diabetes

Back 73

metabolic disorder
chronic development
insulin resistance (beta cells are intact)

Front 74

Hypoglycemia

Back 74

abnormally low level of blood sugar due to oversecretion of insulin, occurs in those predisposed to Type II DM

Front 75

Insulin antagonists

Back 75

adrenal hormones (Epi/NE and cortisol)
promotes lipolysis, ketogenesis, protein degradation, glycogenolysis

Front 76

Insulin synergists

Back 76

thyroxine and growth hormone

Front 77

Thyroxine (T4)

Back 77

regulates rate of cellular resp
necessary for growth/development, esp of CNS
increases metabolic heat (calorigenic effect)/essential for cold adaptation

Front 78

Growth Hormone

Back 78

aka somatotropin
circadian pattern (gtr during sleep)