Phys Lab Final

Front 1

1. Standardized variable

Back 1

Factors that are kept equal in all treatments, so that any changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to the changes made to the independent variable.

Front 2

2. Dependent Variable

Back 2

What is thought to vary or is counted during the experiment

Front 3

3. Independent Variable

Back 3

- what the investigator deliberately varies during the experiment

Front 4

4. Hypothesis

Back 4

(An educated guess) A Formal, testable statement.

Front 5

5. Predictions-

Back 5

- statement on how the independent variable will effect the dependant variable.

Front 6

6. Control treatment

Back 6

- treatment in which the independent variable is either eliminated or is set at a standard value

Front 7

7. Replication of experiment-

Back 7

- repeats the experiment numerous times using the exact same conditions to see if results are consistent.

Front 8

8. Sample size

Back 8

- size of experiment. The smaller, the riskier it is to draw conclusions from.

Front 9

9. Four Nitrogenous bases

Back 9

Adenine, Guamine, Cytosine, Thymine

Front 10

10. DNA Pairing

Back 10

G to C and A to T

Front 11

11. RNA Pairing

Back 11

G to C and T to A and A to U

Front 12

12. Semi conservative

Back 12

half old and half new. Name given to DNA replication

Front 13

13. Transcription-

Back 13

RNA synthesis from a DNA template

Front 14

14. Codon

Back 14

3 nucleotide long code words in mRNA

Front 15

15. Ribosome-

Back 15

location in the cell where deciphering the mRNA code and linking together of amino acids.

Front 16

16. Translation-

Back 16

formation of proteins from the tRNA

Front 17

17. Anticodon-

Back 17

complemetary base pair to mRNA codon

Front 18

18. Diffusion-

Back 18

movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 19

19. Osmosis-

Back 19

net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentration

Front 20

20. Free Water

Back 20

different concentrations of solute molecules leads to different concentrations of free water

Front 21

21. Osmotic Pressure-

Back 21

pressure generated by diffusion of water across a membrane – osmosis-

Front 22

22. Hydrostatic-water stopping

Back 22

. When pressure in the compartment into which water is flowing is raised to the equilvalent of osmotic pressure the water will stop

Front 23

23. Osmolarity-

Back 23

number of solute particles in a volume of fluid.

Front 24

24. Isotonic-

Back 24

solutions being compared have equal concectration of solutes

Front 25

25. Hypertonic-

Back 25

- the solution with the higher concentration of solutes

Front 26

26. Hypotonic-

Back 26

the solution with the lower concentration of solutes

Front 27

27. Benedicts reagent-

Back 27

used to test for presence of sugar in glucose analysis

Front 28

28. Homeostasis-

Back 28

property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition

Front 29

29. Salivary amylase

Back 29

- an extracellular enzyme produced and secreted by the salivary glands.

Front 30

30. Pancreatin-

Back 30

enzyme released by the pancreas into the duodenum. Will digest polysaccharides into simpler carbs.

Front 31

31. Cholecystokinin-

Back 31

hormone that controls the release of pancreatic juices

Front 32

32. Hydrolysis-

Back 32

breakdown

Front 33

33. Digestion-

Back 33

breakdown or hydrolysis of larger molecules into smaller ones

Front 34

34. Proprioceptors

Back 34

- internal receptors important for feedback regulation.

Front 35

35. Somatic senses-

Back 35

- provides the brain with information about the condition and position of the body

Front 36

36. Visceral reflexes

Back 36

- involuntary responses of the viscera that regulate responses such as breathing

Front 37

37. Somatic reflexes

Back 37

- involuntary responses of the skeletal muscle system and include, patellar response, muscle spindles, pupillary response and nystagmus- “involuntary eye movement”

Front 38

38. Plantar reflex

Back 38

- tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2.

Front 39

39. Babinski’s reflex

Back 39

- primary motor cortex or corticospinal tract is damaged, the plantar reflex is replaced by an abnormal reflex

Front 40

40. Rubber reflex hammer-

Back 40

- used to strike the patellar tendon

Front 41

41. Facilition.

Back 41

Pushing the palms together will increase the reflex when the patellar tendon is hit. This is caused by the interaction at the spinal level in which the activity caused by arm muscle contraction is transmitted to the motor neuron of the leg

Front 42

42. Nystagmus-

Back 42

- involuntary eye movement

Front 43

43. Cutaneous receptors

Back 43

sensory nerve endings in the dermis

Front 44

44. Discrimination-

Back 44

- test to show the minimum distance needed to distinquish between to points on the hand

Front 45

45. Thermoreceptors-

Back 45

specialized nerve ending in the dermis

Front 46

46. Receptor cell

Back 46

specialized neurons that transduce energy from the environmental stimulus into a neural impulse.

Front 47

47. Accomodation-

Back 47

adjustment of the lens in the eye to focus on objects from different distanced.

Front 48

48. Snellen eye chart

Back 48

test for 20/20 vision

Front 49

51. Localization-

Back 49

finding the direction with hearing

Front 50

52. Blind spot

Back 50

the area in the retina where the neurons form the rods and cones pass into the optic nerve

Front 51

54. Cochlea

Back 51

inner ear. Transduces sounds

Front 52

55. Conduction: weber test

Back 52

test to distinguish between conduction and nerve deafness.

Front 53

56. Facial nerves

Back 53

7

Front 54

57. Eye nerves

Back 54

LR6 SO4 3

Front 55

58. Nose nerve

Back 55

2

Front 56

59. Afterimages-

Back 56

are the result of selectively bleaching one of the three colors of cone pigments.

Front 57

60. Heart rate controlled

Back 57

by the autonomic system

Front 58

61. Near point

Back 58

closest point that you can cleary focus

Front 59

62. Retinal disparity

Back 59

eyes do no see the exact same thing

Front 60

63. Astigmatism-

Back 60

type of refractive error of the eye

Front 61

64. Tetany

Back 61

- the sustained fusion of individual muscle twitches

Front 62

65. Motor recruitment

Back 62

activation of motor units to perform a designated task

Front 63

66. Fatigue-

Back 63

a decrease in the muscle's ability to generate force

Front 64

67. Electromyography-

Back 64

- technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles

Front 65

68. Dynamometry

Back 65

measurement of power

Front 66

70. Power-

Back 66

amount of work done per unit

Front 67

71. Dynagram-

Back 67

graphic record from the use of a dynamometer

Front 68

72. The biopac system used

Back 68

1. the force you exert
2. the electrical signal produced by the muscle during contraction
3. The integrated waveform, which is an indication of the activity levels of the muscle

Front 69

73. systole

Back 69

when heart ventricles contracts

Front 70

74. EMG.

Back 70

Recording from an electromyography

Front 71

75. Motor unit

Back 71

single α-motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates

Front 72

76. Systole

Back 72

when heart ventricles contract

Front 73

77. Diastole-

Back 73

when ventricles relax

Front 74

78. Sphygmomanometer

Back 74

measures blood pressure

Front 75

79. Hypertension.

Back 75

Diastolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg

Front 76

80. Stroke volume-

Back 76

volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat.

Front 77

81. Systolic pressure

Back 77

- force that causes expansion

Front 78

82. Diastolic pressure-

Back 78

lowest pressure measured as the ventricles and arteries relax

Front 79

83. Pulmonary circuit.

Back 79

through the lungs to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

Front 80

84. Systemic circuit

Back 80

to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Front 81

85. Pacemaker cells-

Back 81

start the electrical sequence of depolarization

Front 82

88. Inherent rhythmicity

Back 82

property of cardiac tissue is called or automaticity

Front 83

89. Automaticity-

Back 83

property of cardiac tissue is called or Inherent rhythmicity

Front 84

90. Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

Back 84

generates the start of the electrical signal that begins contraction sequence of the heart

Front 85

99. Sympathetic

Back 85

acts as an accelerator, speeding up the contractile forces of the heart

Front 86

100. Parasympathetic-

Back 86

- slows down the heart when you relax

Front 87

101. P wave

Back 87

- results from atrial depolarization

Front 88

102. QRS complex-

Back 88

result of ventricular depolarization and indicates the start of ventricular contraction

Front 89

103. T wave-

Back 89

results from the ventricular repolariztion and signals the beginning of ventricular relaxation

Front 90

104. PR interval-

Back 90

- includes the p wave and the connecting line before the QRS comples

Front 91

108. Inspiration-

Back 91

diaphragm contract increasing air volume in lungs

Front 92

109. Expiration-

Back 92

diaphragm relax decreasing air volume in lungs

Front 93

110. Ventilation

Back 93

rate and depth of breathing

Front 94

111. Rhythm of breathing-

Back 94

is established by inspiratory and expiratory respiratory centers in the medulla

Front 95

112. Eupnea-

Back 95

Greek for normal breathing

Front 96

113. Chemoreceptors-

Back 96

- in the medulla that affect normal breathing

Front 97

114. Hyperventilation-

Back 97

increased breathing rate

Front 98

115. Hypoventilation-

Back 98

decreased breathing rate

Front 99

116. Apnea vera

Back 99

condition in which breathing stops for more than ten seconds during sleep

Front 100

117. Capacity

Back 100

sum of 2 or more volumes

Front 101

118. Forced vital capacity

Back 101

FVC is the maximal amount of air that a person forcibly exhale after a maximal inhalation.

Front 102

119. Forced expiratory volume-

Back 102

- FEV the percentage of FVC that a person forcibly expels in intervals of 1 2 3 seconds. FEV1 FEV2 FEV3

Front 103

120. Maximal voluntary Ventilation-

Back 103

MVV is a pulmonary function test that combines volume and flow rates to assess overall pulmonary ventilation.

Front 104

121. Tidal volume-

Back 104

- the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

Front 105

122. Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Back 105

- the amount of air that can be forcefully inspired above and beyond that taken in during a normal inspiration

Front 106

123. Expiratory reserve volume ERV-

Back 106

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired following a normal effort.

Front 107

124. Residual Volume RV

Back 107

The amount of air that remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.

Front 108

125. Total Lung Capacity TLS-

Back 108

the amount of air the lungs can contain—the sum of all four volumes

Front 109

126. Vital Capacity VC-

Back 109

- the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration

Front 110

127. Functional residual capacity FRC

Back 110

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

Front 111

128. Inspiratory capacity

Back 111

the maximal amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration.

Front 112

129. Predicted vital capacity-

Back 112

charts based on age, height and gender to predict your vital capacity.

Front 113

130. Heymer test of Respiratory Reserve

Back 113

take five deep breaths and hold as long as possible. Tests reserve and efficiency of your respiratory system

Front 114

131. pH-

Back 114

to denote the hydrogen ion concentrations

Front 115

132. Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 115

the condition of too little carbon dioxide in the blood. Due to hyperventilation

Front 116

133. Respiratory acidosis

Back 116

- the condition of too much carbon dioxide in the blood. Due to hypoventilation

Front 117

134. Metabolic acidosis

Back 117

characterized by low plasma HCO-3 and pH, causesed by
a. Ketoacidosis
b. Strenuous exercise

Front 118

135. Metabolic alkalosis-

Back 118

elevated plasma HCO-3 and pH, causesed by
a. Alkali ingestions such as antacids
b. Vomiting
c. constipation

Front 119

136. Ketoacidosis-

Back 119

of keto acids that can result form diabetes mellitus

Front 120

137. Salicylate poisoning-

Back 120

a toxic condition resulting from ingestion of too much asprin or oil of wintergreen

Front 121

138. Volume, urinalisys-

Back 121

- total volume urine in urinalysis

Front 122

139. Specific Gravity-

Back 122

The ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of water. How close to water

Front 123

140. Chloride Estimation-

Back 123

- put 10 drops of urine in test tube, add one drop of potassium chromate, then slowly ass silver nitrate until the solution turns brown. Each drop of silver nitrate equals 1 g/L of Nacl in the blood

Front 124

141. Hyperglycemia

Back 124

excess of glucose in the blood

Front 125

142. Hypoglycemia-

Back 125

- An increase of insulin causes a decrease in the level of blood glucose

Front 126

143. Diabetes mellitus

Back 126

- diease that can be caused by a lack of insulin

Front 127

144. Alloxan-

Back 127

a specific inhibitor of the beta cells

Front 128

145. Glucosuria-

Back 128

- urinary excretion of blood glucose

Front 129

146. Polyuria-

Back 129

- increase in osmolarity of the urine causes abmormally large quantities of water to be excreted.

Front 130

147. Polydipsia-

Back 130

- excessive water intake

Front 131

148. Ketone bodies

Back 131

- intermediate products of fat breakdown. They are acidic in accumilation

Front 132

149. Acidotic-

Back 132

a drop in pH, due to ketone bodies.

Front 133

158.
Hyperopia

Back 133

Farsightedness.

Front 134

159.
Iodine

Back 134

159.
Indicator for starch

Front 135

160.
Krause’s End Bulb –

Back 135

160.
specialized nerve endings in the dermis for reception
of temperature, specifically cold.

Front 136

161.
Myopia

Back 136

161.
Nearsightedness

Front 137

162.
Enzymes

Back 137

Speeds up biological reactions

Front 138

164.
Pancreatin

Back 138

164.
–dissolves polysaccharides into simple carbohydrates.

Front 139

165.
patellar Tendon

Back 139

165.
attaches tibia below kneecap, hammer strike

Front 140

166.
Propreception

Back 140

166.
knowing where your body is in space.

Front 141

167.
Reflex –

Back 141

167.
involuntary response to stimuli.

Front 142

168.
Rhodopsin

Back 142

168.
Uses oxidation of Vitamin “A” to provide good vision.

Front 143

169.
Rods

Back 143

169.
operate in dim light and contain only one kind of visual pigment

Front 144

170.
Transduce

Back 144

Convert (energy or message) into another form. Sense organs
transform physical energy into a nervous signal.

Front 145

171.
Visual acuity

Back 145

Sharpness of vision.

Front 146

172.
Soma

Back 146

172.
Body

Front 147

173.
Rinne Hearing Test

Back 147

Performed by placing a tuning fork against a person mastoid (head) bone.

Front 148

174.
Prespeopia

Back 148

174.
Old eyes

Front 149

Asystole

Back 149

Cardiac Arrest

Front 150

Defibrillation

Back 150

Used to correct arrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation.

Front 151

Rhodopsin-

Back 151

Uses oxidation of Vitamin “A” to provide good vision

Front 152

Depolarization-

Back 152

Loss of membrane polarity inside the cell as it becomes more
negative in relation to the outside during production of action potentials.

Front 153

Repolarization

Back 153

process where the membrane is polarized with positive charge
on the outside and negative charge on the inside.

Front 154

Atrioventricular node

Back 154

specialized mass of conducting tissue located on the right
atrium and transmits impulse to bundle of His.

Front 155

Bundle of his

Back 155

A band of rapidly conducting cardiac fibers originating at the AV
node.

Front 156

Purkinje fibers –

Back 156

Relays the electrical impulse directly to ventricular muscles,
stimulating the ventricles to contract.

Front 157

Ventricles

Back 157

Lower two chambers of the heart, separated by a septum and pump
blood from the heart.

Front 158

Atrium

Back 158

Upper chambers of the heart responsible for receiving blood from the
body.

Front 159

Atiral repolarization is masked by the

Back 159

QRS complex

Front 160

Coronary circulation

Back 160

Feeds blood to the actual heart muscle

Front 161

Segment

Back 161

The end of one wave to the beginning of the next.

Front 162

Interval

Back 162

One wave in a straight line.

Front 163

Lead

Back 163

The particular arrangement of two electrodes (One neg., one pos.) with
respect to a third electrode (the ground).

Front 164

Glycogenolysis-

Back 164

In liver tissue, a hormonal response triggered by low blood
glucose.

Front 165

Gluconeogenesis

Back 165

Generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates such
as lactate, glycerol and amino acids.

Front 166

Ketonemia

Back 166

Excess of ketones in the blood. Often seen in a diagnosis of diabetic
ketoacidosis.

Front 167

What artery is most commonly used to measure blood pressure

Back 167

The Brachial Artery

Front 168

What were the two chemicals used to determine sodum level in urine?

Back 168

Potassium Chromate, Silver Nitrate

Front 169

What is the high concentration of rod/cones in the eye?

Back 169

Macula Lutae