Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Venereal Wart
14-1 |
AKA: Condyloma Acuminata
-Warty lesions on the labia & w/in the vestibule -Result from HPV infection |
|
|
Secondary Syphilis
14-1 |
AKA: Condyloma Latum
-Slightly raised, round, oval, flat-topped papular covered by a gray exudate -These are CONTAGIOUS |
|
|
Carcinoma of Vulva
14-1 |
An ulcerated or raised red vulva lesion in an elderly woman
|
|
|
Genital Herpes
14-1 |
-Shallow, small, PAINFUL ulcers on red base
-Initial infxn may be extensive, but reccurent infxns are usually confined to a small local patch |
|
|
Syphilitic chancre
14-1 |
Firm, PAINLESS ulcer (suggests chancre of Primary Syph)
|
|
|
Epidermoid Cyst
14-1 |
-Small, firm, round cystic nodule in labia
-Yellowish in color -Look for dark punctum marking the blocked opening of the gland |
|
|
Spermatocele & cyst of the epididymus
13-4 |
-Painless, movable cystic mass just above the testis
-Both transilluminate -Spermatocele contains sperm, cyst does not but otherwise clinically indistinguishable |
|
|
Acute Epididymitis
13-4 |
-Acutely inflammed epididymus, tender & swollen
-Scrotum may be reddened -Mostly in adults -Assoc. w/ UTT's or prostatits |
|
|
Tuberculous Epididymitis
13-4 |
-Chronic inflammation of tuberculosis
-Firm enlargement, sometimes tender w/ thickening/beading of vas deferens |
|
|
Varicocele of the spermatic cord
13-4 |
-Varicose veins of spermatic cord, usually on L
-Soft "bag of worms", separate from testis -Infertility may be assoc. -Disappears when elevated & supine |
|
|
Torsion of the spermatic cord
13-4 |
-Torsion/twisting of the testicle on its cord
-Acutely painful, tender, swollen & is retracted up in scrotum -Scrotum is red & edematous -No assoc. UTI -Most common in adolescents, SURGICAL EMERGENCY |
|
|
Cryptorchidism
13-3 |
-Atrophied testis lying in the inguinal canal or abdomen
-No palpable testis or epididymus -Raises risk for testicular cancer |
|
|
Small testis
13-3 |
-Testis length greater than or equal to 3.5cm
-Often seen in Klinefelter's syndrome (small & firm) -Small & soft may indicate cirrhosis, myotonic dystrophy, use of estrogens, following orchitis |
|
|
Acute Orchitis
13-3 |
-Acutely inflammed, painful, tender & swollen
-Scrotum may be reddened -Seen in mumps -Usually unilateral |
|
|
Tumor of the testis
13-3 |
-Painless nodule w/in the testis
-As it spreads it may seem to replace the entire organ -Testicle may feel heavier than normal |
|
|
Genital Warts
13-2 |
AKA: Condylomata Acuminata
-Single or multiple papules/plaques -Caused by HPV -May be on penis, scrotum, groin, thighs or anus -Usually asymptomatic, may cause itching or pain |
|
|
Genital Herpes Simplex
13-2 |
-Small scattered/grouped vesicles
-Caused by Herpes simplex 2 -Primary episode may be asymptomatic -Assoc. w/ fever, malaise, HA, arthralgias, local pain & edema, lyphadenopathy |
|
|
Primary syphilis
13-2 |
-Small red papule that becomes a chancre
-Clean, red, smooth & glistening -Caused by treponema pallidum -May develop inguinal lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Chancroid
13-2 |
-Red papule/pustule that forms a deep ulcer
-Caused by Haemophilus Ducreyi -Painful inguinal adenopathy |
|
|
Hypospadias
13-1 |
-Congenital displacement of urethral meatus to inferior surface of penis
-Groove may extend from opening to tip of glans |
|
|
Scrotal edema
13-1 |
-Pitting edema causing taut scrotal skin
-Caused by CHF or nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Peyronie's Ds
13-1 |
-Palpable, nontender, hard plaques just under the skin
-Usually on dorsum of penis -Crooked, painful erections |
|
|
Hydrocele
13-1 |
-nontender, fluid-filled mass in tunica vaginalis
-Will transilluminate -Fingers can get above mass w/in scrotum |
|
|
Carcinoma of the penis
13-1 |
-Nontender, indurated nodule or ulcer
-limited to uncircumcised men -any persistent penile sore is suspicous |
|
|
Scrotal hernia
13-1 |
-Usually indirect inguinal hernia
-comes in through external inguinal ring -cannot get fingers above it w/in scrotum |
|
|
Angiokeratomas
pp |
-Small red dots on the scrotum (petechiae) assoc. w/ aging
-BENIGN |
|
|
Penile lesions
pp |
-Psoriasis
-Blanitis -Hypospadias -Carcinoma -Ectopic sebaceous cysts -Peyronie's Ds |
|
|
Causes of erectile dysfunction in older men
pp |
-Vascular insufficiency
-Dementia -Neurologic disorders -Endocrine disorders -Organ system failure |
|
|
Define Infertility and possible causes
pp |
-Failure for pregnancy to occur after 1 yr of sexual activity w/o use of contraceptives
-reproductive disorders -life habits -orchitis -cryptorchidism -small balls -varicocele |
|
|
Scrotal conditions that will transilluminate vs. those that dont
pp |
(+) = Hydrocele & spermatocele
(-) = Blood, tumor, hernia |
|
|
Risk factors for male RS ds.
pp |
-aging
-trauma -exposure to radiation -chronic UTI -STD's -IBD -risk factors for prostate ds or cancer |
|
|
Penile risk factors of carcinoma
pp |
-Lack of circumcision w/ failure to maintain good hygiene
-Condyloma acuminatum infection |
|
|
Testicular risk factors of carcinoma
pp |
Cryptorchidism w/ elevated testicular temp
|
|
|
Symptoms of male reproductive ds.
pp |
-pain/dysuria
-lesions/masses -change in urine flow -discharge -scrotal pain/enlargement -hematuria -infertility/ED |
|
|
W/ regards to organs/viscera, which is more painful, sudden distention or gradual enlargement?
pp |
-Sudden Distention
-gradual enlargement tends to be PAINLESS |
|
|
An achy costovertebral angle is assoc. w/?
pp |
-Pyelonephritis or obstructive hydronephosis
|
|
|
Pain of ureteral dilation is described as?
pp |
Spasmodic or colicky w/ radiation to the testis/scrotum
|
|
|
Lower abd. fullness w/ suprapubic pain & urgency is assoc. w/?
pp |
Bladder distention
|
|
|
Causes of testicular/scrotal pain?
pp |
-Epididymitis
-Orchitis -Spermatic cord torsion -Tumor -Hydrocele |
|
|
Causes of bloody discharge
pp |
-Ulcerations
-Neoplasias -Urethritis |
|
|
Cystocele
14-2 |
-Bulge of upper 2/3rds of anterior vaginal wall, together w/ the bladder above it
-results from weakened supporting tissues |
|
|
Urethral caruncle
14-2 |
-Small, red, benign tumor visible @ the posterior part of the urethral meatus
-typically occurs in postmenopausal women w/ no symptoms -occasionally, a carcinoma of the urethra is mistaken for a caruncle |
|
|
Bartholin's gland infection
14-2 |
Causes: trauma, gonococci anerobes like bacteroids & peptostreptococci & chlamydia trachomatis
-acutely it appears as a tense, hot, very tender abscess -look for pus coming out of the duct or erythema around duct opening -chronically a nontender cyst is felt |
|
|
Rectocele
14-2 |
Herniation of rectum into posterior wall of vagina, resulting from a weakness or defect in the endopelvic fascia
|
|
|
Prolapse of urethral mucosa
14-2 |
Forms a swollen red ring around urethral meatus
-usually occurs before menarche or after menopause |
|
|
Cystourethrocele
14-2 |
Entire vaginal wall, together w/ the bladder and urethra forms a bulge
-sometimes, but not always, a groove defines the border b/w urethrocele and cystocele |
|
|
Mucopurulent cervicitis
14-5 |
Mucopurulent cervicitis produces purulent yellow drainage cervical os
-usually results from chlamydia tracomatis, neisseria gonorrhea, or herpes |
|
|
Trichomonas Vaginalis
(vag. discharge) 14-6 |
Yellowish, green or gray
-possibly frothy -often profuse and pooled in vaginal fornix -may be malodorous -often acquired sexually |
|
|
Symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis
14-6 |
-pruritis
-pain w/ urination -dyspareuria |
|
|
Vulva & vaginal mucosa findings in trichomonas vaginalis
14-6 |
-Vestibule & labia minora may be reddened
-vaginal mucosa, may be reddened, w/ small red granular spots or petechiae in post. fornix -In mild cases, mucosa looks normal |
|
|
Cause of candidal vaginitis
14-6 |
Candida albicans
-A normal overgrowth of vaginal flora -Many factors predispose, including antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Discharge of candidal vaginitis
14-6 |
Whit & curdy, may be thin buy typically thick
-Not Malodorous -Not as profuse as in trichomonal infx |
|
|
Candidal vaginalis symptoms
14-6 |
Pruritis
-vaginal soreness -pain on urination (from skin inflammation) -Dyspareuria |
|
|
Vulva & vaginal mucosa findings on candida albicans
14-6 |
Vulva & surrounding skin inflammed & swollen
-vaginal mucous reddened w/ white tenacious patches of discharge -Mucosa may bleed when patches scrape off |
|
|
Causes of bacterial vaginosis
14-6 |
Bacterial overgrowth probably from anaerobic bacteria
-may be transmitted sexually |
|
|
Discharge of bacterial vaginosis
14-6 |
Gray or white, thin, homogenous
-malodorous -coats vaginal walls -not profuse, minimal -fishy or musty genital odor |
|
|
Vulva & vaginal mucosa findings in bacterial vaginosis
14-6 |
Vulva & vaginal mucosa usually normal
|
|
|
Mechanisms of nocturia w/ high volume
11-6 |
Most types of polyuria
-Decrease concentrating ability (kidney) -Excess fluid before bed -Fluid retention states -Dependent edema excreted @ night |
|
|
Assoc. symptoms of peripheral n. loss to bladder
11-6 |
Weakness or sensory deficits
|
|
|
Causes of loss of peripheral n. supply to bladder
11-6 |
Neuro ds. affecting sacral n. or roots such as diabetic neuropathy
|
|
|
Assoc. symptoms of bladder neck or proximal urethral obstruction
11-6 |
Hesitancy starting urine stream
-Straining to void -Decrease force & size of stream -Dribbling during or @ end of urination |
|
|
Causes of partial mechanical obstruction of bladder neck
11-6 |
Most commonly benign prostatic hyperplasia
-urethral stricture -other obstructive lesions |
|
|
2 mechanisms leading to impaired emptying of bladder, w/ residual urine in bladder
11-6 |
Partial obstruction of bladder neck or proximal urethra
|
|
|
Assoc. symptoms of Decreased cortical inhibition of bladder contractions
11-6 |
Urinary Urgency
-neurologic symptoms such as weakness & paralysis |
|
|
What causes Decrease cortical inhibition of bladder contractions?
11-6 |
Motor disorders of CNS, like stroke
|
|
|
Assoc. symptoms of Decrease elasticity of bladder wall
11-6 |
Burning on urination
-Urgency -Gross hematuria |
|
|
What causes Decrease elasticity of bladder wall?
11-6 |
Infiltration by scar tissue or tumor
|
|
|
Assoc. symptoms of Increased bladder sensitivity to stretch
11-6 |
Burning on urination
-Urinary urgency -Sometimes gross hematuria |
|
|
What causes Increased bladder sensitivity due to irritation?
11-6 |
Infection
-Stones -tumor -foreign body |
|
|
What mechanisms cause decreased capacity of the bladder?
11-6 |
-Increased bladder sensitivity to stretch from irritation
-Decreased elasticity of bladder wall -Decreased cortical inhibition of bladder contraction |
|
|
Causes of fluid retaining edematous states
11-6 |
CHF
-nephrotic syndrome -hepatic cirrhosis w/ ascites -chronic venous insufficiency |
|
|
Assoc. symptoms w/ edematous state high volume nocturia
11-6 |
Urinary output may decrease as fluid reaccumulates in body
|
|
|
Causes of nephorgenic diabetes insipidus
11-6 |
Hypercalcemia & hypokalemic nephropathy
-Drug toxicity |
|
|
A deficiency in ADH is caused by a disorder where?
11-6 |
Posterior pituitary & hypothalamus
|
|
|
Polyuria is defined as?
(numerically) pp |
Greater than 2500 ml/day
|
|
|
When pain is @ initiation of urination, what structure is involved?
pp |
Urethra
|
|
|
Dysuria @ end of urination?
(structure) pp |
Bladder
|
|
|
Dysuria throughout urination?
pp |
Anywhere
|
|
|
Pneumaturia is AKA?
pp |
"bubbles of gas"
|
|
|
Pneumaturia is caused by?
pp |
Fisturla, UTI (e. coli, clostridia)
|
|
|
Fecaluria is assoc. w/?
pp |
Intestino-vesicular, urethro-rectal
|
|
|
Pyuria is caused by?
pp |
Bacteria, neoplasia, kidney stones
|
|
|
Nocturia w/ high output
pp |
Conditions w/ polyuria
-fluid retaining states -high fluid intake |
|
|
Nocturia w/ low output
pp |
infxns
-pseudofrequency |
|
|
Causes of polyuria
pp |
Nephritis
-diuretics (caffeine, alcohol, drugs) -DM -diabetes insipidus |
|
|
What 2 "structures" may cause diabetes insipidus
pp |
Pituitary & kidney
|
|
|
What are assoc. symptoms of DM?
pp |
Increased thirst, hunger, and urine
|
|
|
Oliguria is defined as? (#)
pp |
Less than 500 ml/day
|
|
|
Anuria is defined as? (#)
pp |
Less than 100 ml/day
|
|
|
Causes of pre-renal azotemia
pp |
Decreased cardiac output
-intravascular volume depletion |
|
|
Post renal Azotemia causes
pp |
urethral obstruction
-bladder outlet obstruction |
|
|
Extrinsic urethral obstruction is caused by?
pp |
Mass or tumor
|
|
|
Intrinsic urethral obstruction is caused by?
pp |
Stone
|
|
|
hematuria
Lower UT finding pp |
No cast cells
|
|
|
hematuria
Kidney findings pp |
+/- red cast cells
-depends on cause |
|
|
hematuria
Pain w/ kdy infxn/inflamm?. pp |
YES
|
|
|
hematuria
Pain w/ kdy stones? pp |
YES
|
|
|
hematuria
Pain w/ Kdy tumor? pp |
NO
|
|
|
hematuria
Pain w/ Kdy bleeding disorders? pp |
NO
|
|
|
hematuria
Assoc. w/ weight loss pp |
Renal cell carcinoma
|
|
|
hematuria
10-14 day following URTI pp |
Acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Most common cause of hematuria in ppl less than 20
pp |
Congenital urinary tract anomaly
|
|
|
urine changes
Completely clear pp |
Diluted
|
|
|
urine changes
Orange pp |
Urobilinogen
|
|
|
Deep yellow urine
pp |
Concentrated
-Vit. B -Fever |
|
|
Brown/black urine
pp |
Hemorrhage
-meds |
|
|
Milky/cloudy urine
pp |
Infxn
|
|
|
Coca cola colored urine
pp |
Obstructive jaundice
|
|
|
Bluish/Green urine
pp |
Jaundice/putrefying
|
|
|
Bence Jones proteins signify?
pp |
Multiple Myeloma
|
|
|
Coke colored urine & clay colored stools indicates?
pp |
Obstructive jaundice
|
|
|
What are the 5 types of incontinence?
11-7 |
Stress
-urge -overflow -functional -incontinence secondary to meds |
|
|
Risk factors for endometrial cancer
pp |
Early menarche
-late menopause |
|
|
Ovarian CA symptoms
pp |
Pelvic/abd. pain
-vague & persistent GI upset -Freq./urgent urination w/ no inf. -Unexplained weight gain/loss -Pelvic/abd. swelling/fullness -Unusual fatigue -Change in bowel habits |
|
|
If ovarian CA symptoms persist for more than 2 wks what should be done?
pp |
Combo pelvic/rectal exam
-CA - 125 blood test -transvaginal ultrasound may be performed |
|
|
Female Repro. Sys. Symptoms
pp |
Abd. vag. bleeding
-dysmenorrhea -genital masses/lesions -Vag. discharge -vag. itching -lower abd. pain/mass -dyspareuria -change in hair distribution or urinary pattern -infertility |
|
|
Df dx for abn. or dysfunctional uterine bleeding
pp |
Tumor
-hormonal imbalance -trauma -infxn -pregnancy |
|
|
Define amenorrhea
pp |
Nonappearance or cessation of nenses
|
|
|
2 causes of physiologic amenorrhea
pp |
Pregnancy
-post menopausal |
|
|
3 types of Amenorrhea
pp |
Physiologic
-Primary -Secondary |
|
|
Polymenorrhea
pp |
Less than 21 day interval
|
|
|
Oligomenorrhea
pp |
Infrequent menses
|
|
|
Menorrhagia
pp |
Excessive amt/duration
|
|
|
Metrorrhagia
pp |
Intercyclic/irregular
|
|
|
Postmenopausal abnormal bleeding
pp |
Bleeding after 6-8 mo of amenorrhea
-Need to rule out endometrial cancer, uterine or cervical fibroids, tumors or polyps |
|
|
Physiologic discharge
pp |
Color: white, No fishy odor, Non hemogenous consistency
Location: dependent Vulva, vag. mucosa, cervix all normal |
|
|
Nonspecific Vaginitis discharge
pp |
Gray
-Fishy odor -Homogenous consistency -Adherent to walls -Discharge @ introitus common vulva, vag. mucosa, cervix all normal |
|
|
Trichomonas discharge
pp |
Grayish yellow
-fishy odor -purulent, often w/ bubbles -pooled on fornix -discharge @ introitus common -vulva is edematous -vag. mucosa usually normal -cervix may show red spots |
|
|
Candida discharge
pp |
White
-NOT fishy -cottage cheese - like Adherent to walls -discharge @ introitus common -vulva enrythematous -vag. mucosa erythematous -Cervix patches of discharge |
|
|
Gonococcal discharge
pp |
Greenish yellow
-not fishy -Mucopurulent consistens -Adherent to walls -discharge @ intraoitus common -vulva erythematous -Vag. mucosa normal -Cervix: pus in os |
|
|
Vaginal itching
pp |
Recent hx of meds
Other ds- -DM -monilial infections -glycosuria -vulvar lukoplakia |
|
|
Oligomenorrhea
pp |
Infrequent menses
|
|
|
Menorrhagia
pp |
Excessive amt/duration
|
|
|
Metrorrhagia
pp |
Intercyclic/irregular
|
|
|
Postmenopausal abnormal bleeding
pp |
Bleeding after 6-8 mo of amenorrhea
-Need to rule out endometrial cancer, uterine or cervical fibroids, tumors or polyps |
|
|
Physiologic discharge
pp |
Color: white, No fishy odor, Non hemogenous consistency
Location: dependent Vulva, vag. mucosa, cervix all normal |
|
|
Nonspecific Vaginitis discharge
pp |
Gray
-Fishy odor -Homogenous consistency -Adherent to walls -Discharge @ introitus common vulva, vag. mucosa, cervix all normal |
|
|
Trichomonas discharge
pp |
Grayish yellow
-fishy odor -purulent, often w/ bubbles -pooled on fornix -discharge @ introitus common -vulva is edematous -vag. mucosa usually normal -cervix may show red spots |
|
|
Candida discharge
pp |
White
-NOT fishy -cottage cheese - like Adherent to walls -discharge @ introitus common -vulva enrythematous -vag. mucosa erythematous -Cervix patches of discharge |
|
|
Gonococcal discharge
pp |
Greenish yellow
-not fishy -Mucopurulent consistens -Adherent to walls -discharge @ intraoitus common -vulva erythematous -Vag. mucosa normal -Cervix: pus in os |
|
|
Vaginal itching
pp |
Recent hx of meds
Other ds- -DM -monilial infections -glycosuria -vulvar lukoplakia |
|
|
Female UG abd. pain
pp |
Assoc. w/ menses or mid-cycle
-Hx of STDs -Assoc. symptoms -mass -fever -bowel/bladder changes -discharge -dysuria -dyspareunia -? pregnant |
|
|
Acut female UG abd. pain
pp |
Usually infxn
-pregnancy -spontaneous abortion -ectopic tubal pregnancy/rupture -uterine perforation |
|
|
What is mittelschmerz assoc. w/?
pp |
Ovulation
|
|
|
Chronic female UG abd. pain
pp |
Endometriosis
-PID -laxity of pelvic floor musculature w/ protrusion |
|
|
lower abd. mass
Female Repro. System pp |
Ectopic pregnancy
-ovarian cyst -fibroids -CA of/or endometriosis -salpingitis -PID |
|
|
lower abd. mass
Urinary Tract pp |
Bladder tumors
-bladder diverticulum |
|
|
lower abd. mass
Lower GI pp |
Regional enteritis
-intestinal diverticuli |
|
|
Dyspareunia
pp |
Pain during or after intercourse
|
|
|
Causes of dyspareunia
pp |
Trauma
Pathophysiologic: -Infxn -PID -Lesions -Tumors -Endometriosis -Laxity -DES |
|
|
hair dist. changes
INCrease in hair pp |
Hirsuitism: male pattern hair dist. on body
-adrenal tumors -ovarian tumors -polycystic ovarian ds. -meds |
|
|
hair dist. changes
DECrease in hair pp |
AKA: alopecia
-aging -cancer -malnutrition -thyroid ds. -meds -vascular insufficiency -crash diets |
|
|
Causes of pain w/ urination
pp |
Infxns:
-UTI's -STD's -PID Obstruction of occlusion -strictures or adhesion -stones -INCrease intraabd. pressure |
|
|
Define Infertility
pp |
Failure for pregnancy to occur after 1 yr of sexual activity w/o contraceptive usage
|
|
|
Causes of infertility
pp |
Anovulation
-ovarian ds -PID -systemic ds -hypothyroidism -fibroids |
|
|
Retroversion of the uterus
14-7 |
Tilting backwards of entire uterus
-common variant in 20% of women -retroverted uterus usually both mobile & asymptomatic |
|
|
Retroflexion of the uterus
14-7 |
Refers to a backward angulation of uterus in relation to the cervix
-Cervix maintains usual position -Body of uterus often palpable thru post. fornix or thru rectum |
|
|
Myomas of uterus
14-8 |
AKA: fibroids
-very common benign uterine tumors -may be single or multiple, vary in size -feel firm, irregular nodules |
|
|
Prolapse of uterus
|
Results from weakness of supporting structures
-often assoc. w/ cystocele & rectocele -1st: cervix is still well w/in vagina -2nd: it is @ the introitus -3rd: aka procidentia, the cervix & vag. are outside the introitus |
|
|
Adnexal Masses
14-9 |
Most commonly results from disorders of the fallopian tubes or ovaries
-IBD, carcinoma of colon, pedunculated myoma of uterus may simulate adnexal mass |
|
|
Describe lymphogranuloma venereum
pp |
STI caused by chlamydia
-symptoms may become systemic -painless ulcers near coronal sulcus of glans |
|
|
Describe molluscum contagiosum
pp |
Caused by poxvirus
-lesions are pearly gray, dome shaped, w/ discrete margins -glans of penis |
|
|
STI infxns
pp |
Condylomata acuminata
-herpes simples -chancre of primary syphilis -chancroid of haemophilus ducreyi -molluscum contagiosum -scabies -lymphogranuloma venereum |
|
|
Scrotal masses/lesions
pp |
Epidermoid cysts
-scrotal edema -hydrocele -scrotal hernia -cryptorchidism -small testis -acute epididymitis -spermatocele & epididymis cyst -varicocele -spermatic cord torsion -tumor of the testis |
|
|
Groin masses or swellings
pp |
Hernia
-lymphadenopathy -mm strain -arthritis -hydrocele -edtopic/undescended testicle |
|
|
Causes of purulent discharge
pp |
Gonococcal urethritis
-chronic prostatitis |
