Phys 42

Front 1

Different forms of respiratory distress

Back 1

inadequate ventilation, abnormality in diffusion, abnormal blood transport of gases

Front 2

maximum expiratory flow

Back 2

max flow beyond which it cannot be increased even with increased effort

Front 3

alveoli and bronchioles during exhailation

Back 3

forces air from alveoli into bronchioloes, but also tends to collapse bronchioles

Front 4

relationship of lung V and max expiratory flow

Back 4

max flow rate decreases with decreased V; ennlarged lung held open by elastic pull, which reduces as air exits

Front 5

constricted lungs specs

Back 5

reduced total lung capacity and reduced residual volume; max expiratory flow reduced

Front 6

constricted lung diseases

Back 6

TB, silicosis are fibrotic diseases; kyphosis, scoliosis, and fibrotic pleurisy constrict chest cage

Front 7

airway obstruction specs

Back 7

air enters and gets trapped; over time increases TLC and RV; max expiratory flow reduced

Front 8

airways obstruction diseases

Back 8

asthma, emphysema

Front 9

Difference btwn normal and airway obstructed FVC

Back 9

V changes about the same; L/s expired GREATLY changed (80% at 1 sec vs. 47% at 1 sec)

Front 10

Major pathologic changes in pulmonary emphysema

Back 10

1) chronic infection 2) chronic obstruction of many smaller airways 3)entrapment of air in lungs

Front 11

Physiologic effects of emphysema

Back 11

1) increased airway resistance 2) decreased diffusing capacity 3) abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratios 4) decreased pulmonary capillaries (pulmonary vascular resistance increased)

Front 12

pneumonia

Back 12

any inflammatory condition in which some/all alveoli filled with fluid and blood cells

Front 13

2 major pulmonary abnormalities in pneumonia

Back 13

1) reduction of SA for respiration 2) decreased ventilation/perfusion ratio

Front 14

atelectasis (collapse of alveoli) common causes

Back 14

total obstruction of airway or lack of surfactant

Front 15

atelectasis from total airway obstruction

Back 15

1) blockage of many small bronchi with mucus 2) obatruction of major airway by large mucus plug or solid object (like tumor)

Front 16

What occurs within minutes to hours of airway blockage

Back 16

air trapped in absorbed by blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries causing pliable lung alveoli to collapse

Front 17

What occurs if lung is rigid/fibrotic with an airway blockage

Back 17

negative pressure occurs after trapped air absorbed causing fluid to enter alveoli

Front 18

ventilation/perfusion in atelectasis

Back 18

only moderately compromised since blood flow decreases drastically in collapsed lung

Front 19

asthma is characterized by…

Back 19

spasctic contration of smooth muscle in bronchioles

Front 20

usual cause of asthma

Back 20

contractile hypersensitivity of bronchioles in response to forgein substances in the air

Front 21

allergy causes in <30yrs and >30yrs

Back 21

70% younger caused by allergic hypersensitivity; most older caused by nonallergenic irritants (smog)

Front 22

antibodies in aathmatic lungs

Back 22

mainly attached to mast cells in lung interstitium close to brochioles and small bronchi

Front 23

What do mast cells release

Back 23

histamine, slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophilic chemotaxic factor, bradykinin

Front 24

What do mast cell products cause

Back 24

localized edema, secretion of thick mucus, spasm of smooth muscle

Front 25

TB lung rxns

Back 25

1) invasion of infected lung by macrophages 2) walling off by fibrous tissue

Front 26

effects of TB in late stages

Back 26

1) increased work on respiratory muscles (reduced VC) 2) reduced SA and increased thickness of respiratory memebrane 3)abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratio

Front 27

5 Causes of hypoxia

Back 27

1) inadequate oxygenation-extrinsic 2) pulmonary disease 3) venous to aterial shunts 4) inadequate oxygen transport by blood 5) inadequate capability of tissue to use O2

Front 28

Reasons for inadequate oxygenation extrinsically

Back 28

decicient atmospheric O2, hypoventilation (neuromuscular diseases)

Front 29

hypoxia due to pulmonary disease

Back 29

hypoventilation due to increased resistance or decreased compliance; ventilation/perfusion ratio; membrane difusion

Front 30

Blood transportation caused hypoxia

Back 30

anemia/abnormal hemoglobin; circulation; edema

Front 31

Why tissues can't use O2

Back 31

poisoning of oxidation enzymes; diminished metabolic capacity (toxicity, vitamen deficiency, etc)

Front 32

What does cyanide cause

Back 32

cytochrome oxidase action blocked

Front 33

disease beriberi

Back 33

steps in tissue utilization of O2 and formation of CO2 compromized due to vit B deficiency

Front 34

color of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Back 34

dark blue-purple

Front 35

when does cyanosis occur

Back 35

when arterial blood contains more than 5 g deoxygenated hemoglobin in 100 mL of blood

Front 36

Why do anemic patients rarely become cyanotic

Back 36

not enough hemoglobin to have 5 g deoxygenated per 100 mL blood

Front 37

When does hypercapnia occur

Back 37

hypoventilation or circulatioon deficiency

Front 38

why doesn't hypercapnia occur which increased membrane of respiratory epithelium

Back 38

CO2 diffused 20 times as rapidly as O2

Front 39

transport capacity of O2 vs CO2

Back 39

CO2 has 3 times carring capacity of O2

Front 40

when does dyspnea occur

Back 40

above 60-74 mmHg Co2

Front 41

when does person become letharic

Back 41

80-100 mmHg Co2

Front 42

Anethetia and death with CO2

Back 42

120-150 mmHg CO2

Front 43

3 factors for sensation of dyspnea

Back 43

1) abnormal respiratory gases 2) amount of work performed by respiratory muscles 3) state of mind

Front 44

excessive pressure with assisted ventilation can cause what

Back 44

reduced CO (mostly due to inadequate venous return)