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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cardiac arrhythmias cause(s)
1) abnormal rhythmicity of pacemaker 2) shift of pacemaker 3) blocks of impulse 4) abnormal pathways of impulse 5) spontaneous generation of spurious impulses
trachycardia
over 100 for adult; causes by increased T, sympathetic stimulation, or toxic conditions
bradycardia
less than 60 bpm; vagal/parasympatheic stimulation
carotid sinus syndrome
baroreceptors excessively sensitive, mild external P on neck elicits strong parasympathetic response
respiratory sinus arrythmia
change in CO by as much as 30% during inspiration/exspiration; 'spillover' of signals from medullary respiratory center
sinoatrial block
blocked before entering atrial muscle; sudeen cesation of P wave; ventricles pick up their own rhythm
atrioventricular block
1) ischemia of AV node/bundle fibers delays 2) compression of AV bundle by scar/calcification 3) inflammation of AV node/bundle 4) extreme stimulation by vagus nerves
first degree atrioventricular heart block
prolonged PR (or PQ) interval; greater than 0.2 s; can be used to measure severity of disease
second degree atrioventricular heart block
PR interval 0.25-0.45 s; sometimes strong enough to pass to ventricle, sometimes not; See P wave without QRS-T = dropped beats
complete (3rd degree) AV block
ventricles spontaneously establish own signal; P waves dissociated from QRS-T
Stokes-Adams Syndrome
total AV block comes and goes; borderline ischemia of conductive system; periodic fainting episodes
electrical alternans
partial intraventricular block every other heartbeat; often occurs in tachycardia since some parts of the purkinje system are not recovered from previous depolarization
extrasystole/premature beat/ectopic beat
contration before time when a normal contraction would be expected
possible causes of ectopic beats
1) local areas of ischemia 2) small calcified plaques 3) toxic irritation of AV node, purkinje system, myocardium 4) mechanical initiation during cardiac catheterization
premature atrial contractions
often followed by compensatory pause, often seen in healthy individuals
deficit in # of radial pulses compared to heart contractions
can occur with premature contractions
AV nodal/bundle premature contraction
missing P wave
Premature ventricular contractions in ECG
1) QRS complex prolonged 2) QRS high voltaage 3) T wave has opposite potential
what can cause PVC
cigarettes, coffee, lack of sleep, various mild toxic states, emotional irritability
vulnerable period of causing ventricular fibrillation
just at end of T wave when ventricles are coming out of refractoriness
vector analysis of ectopic area
average vector tail is in direction of ectopic spot in heart (where depolarization occurs first)
paroxysmal tachycardia, drugs used for
vagal stimulation, quinidine, lidocaine (depress normal Na+ permeability of cardiac muscle membrane during generation of AP)
atrial paroxysmal tachycardia concerns
generally frightens a person, but rarely any harm
ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia concerns
serious condition, can cause vernticular fibrillation; is generally present due to considerable ischemia
long pathway of cirsus movement occurs in
dilated hearts
decreased rate of conducation in circus movements occur in
blockage of purkinje system, ischemia of muscle, high K+ levels, or other factors
shortened refractory period in circus movements occur in
response to various drugs like epinephrine, or after repeated electrical stimulation
voltage in V-fib
start at 0.5 mV, but drop quickly to .2-.3 mV
when does heart become too weak to be revived by defibrillation
within 1 minute
common cause of atrial firbillation
atrial enlargement from heart valve lesions or ventricular failure
atrial flutter
strong P waves; QRS only follows every 2 or 3 P waves
cardiac arrest
no spontaneous rhythm remains; pacemaker can help