Phys Block 4

Front 1

Protein hormone to ER

Back 1

These are destined for secretion and require a signal peptide part of the pre-pro hormone to be bound to the a SRP which causes translational arrest until SRP binds to ER docking protein and detaches. The preprohormone is secreted into the ER and the signal peptide is cleaved.

Front 2

From Er to secretion of protein hormone

Back 2

The now prohormone is transported into the cisternae of the ER to the Golgi Apparatus and is packed into secretory vesicles. This prohormone requires further cleavage that occurs in either the Golgi or the secretory granules. This makes the mature hormone.

Front 3

Exocytosis of protein hormone

Back 3

Exocytosis requires energy, Ca2+, cytoskeleton, and specialized proteins.

Front 4

thyroid hormones

Back 4

stored with thyroglobulin, a thyroid specific hormone.

Front 5

thyroid and steroid hormones are transported bound to

protein hormones

Back 5

plasma proteins


are usually unbound because soluable, thus catecholamines have short half lives

Front 6

equilibrium between bound hormone free hormone and plasma protein

Back 6

H+P----HP

think of la chatellie principle here

Front 7

binding to plasma proteins increases half life of hormones

free hormone active, bound inactive and protected from degradation

Back 7

yep

Front 8

Hormones are present in low concentrations so receptors have

Back 8

high affinity

Front 9

Cel surface receptors are generally present in ___ while nuclear are present in generally _____ numbers

Back 9

higher than needed (receptors determine sensitivity), nuclear are present in smaller numbers

Front 10

receptor down regulation , upregulation, and phosphorylation

Back 10

you know this

Front 11

messegers:

1.horomone
2. camp
3. transcription

Back 11

1. first
2. second
3. 3rd messenger

Front 12

major sites for hormone degradation

Back 12

liver and kidney

disease can alter hormone metabolism

Front 13

steroid hormone degradation

Back 13

series of reductions and conjugations with highly charged molecules like sulfates or glucuronides to increase water soluability

Front 14

Thyroid hormones

Back 14

are inactivated by sequential deiodination

Front 15

protein hormones

Back 15

inactivated by specific peptidases

Front 16

G Protein coupled receptors

Back 16

contain seven transmembrane with n-terminal on the exoplasmic face and their c-terminal on cystolic. activation activates an effector enzyme.

Front 17

G proteins

Back 17

contain a b y
a is bound to gdp prior to activation
upon act. gdp dissociates and gtp binds to Ga, Ga dissociates. Ga has intrinsic GTPase activity and cleaves the gtp.

Front 18

Adenylate Cyclase Mechanism

Back 18

effector regulated by g proteins, cascade mechanism, 10^8, pg. 11 for hormone list

Front 19

Phospholipase C mechanism

hormones that use it pg. 12

Back 19

ip3 and dag, signaling through Gq activates phospholipase C which hydrolyzes PIP2 to yield IP3 which diffuses into the cytosol and Dag which remains membrane bound. IP3 realeases Ca2+. Dag activates protein kinase C. Ca2+ regulates PKC by directing to membrane.

Front 20

steroid hormones

Back 20

diffuse and bind to receptors in cell that are transcription factors

Front 21

Nuclear receptor superfamily

Back 21

have a unique n terminal region of variable length that may contain regions that function as hormone independent transcription activation domains. Two zinc fingers near center in DNA binding domain-also dimerization domain. nuclear localization sequence flanks the DNA binding domains. Hormone domain is near C-terminal end of these receptors and contains a hormone binding activation domain.

Front 22

nuclear receptor family divided into those for steriods and then all others like

Back 22

thyroid, retinoic acid, and vitamin d

Front 23

hormone response elements

Back 23

nuclear receptors bind to specific DNA sequences called hormone response elements in the regulatory region of responsive genes that are 6 nucs long. determine which genes affected.

Front 24

receptor activation

Back 24

soluable receptors complexed to chaperon proteins. Hormone binds and causes dissociation. A nuclear localization sequence and a DNA binding sequence. glucs-cytosol
estr and androg-in nucleus bind

Front 25

thryoid receptors and other subfamily receptors

Back 25

are bound to dna already but recruit co-repressors. when hormone binds co repressor removed and coactivator binds.

Front 26

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, vasopressin

Back 26

coupled to Gs. -camp mechanism

Front 27

oxytocin, vasopressin 1 and hypothalamic hormones

Back 27

are coupled to Gq which does IP3, DAG, PKC

Front 28

neoplastic sources

Back 28

can secrete hormones and usually are peptide and are great for diagnosis.