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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when does the heart begin beating?
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4th week after fertilization
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when do the fetal kidneys begin to excrete urine?
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2nd trimester
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what causes oligohydramnios?
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a reduction in amniotic fluid is caused by abnormal kidney development
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when do the kidneys reach full development?
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3 months after birth
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which vitamins are necessary for the formation of RBCs and nervous tissue?
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B12 and folic acid (B9)
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which vitamin necessary for formation of bone matrix and connective tissue?
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vitamin C
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which vitamin is necessary to prevent spontaneous abortion?
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vitamin E
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what is the function of vitamin K in the fetal liver?
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form Factor VII, prothrombin
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how is most vitamin K formed?
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by bacterial action in the mother's colon
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how long does it take an infant that is not breathing to develop permanent brain damage?
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8-10 min
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what part of the brain is most severely affected from a lack of breathing?
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thalamus and inferior colliculi, which will permanently affect many of the motor functions of the body
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how much pressure must the neonate create for air to fill the lungs?
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the volume in the the lungs remains zero until the negative pressure has reach -40 cm H2O
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infant has alveoli filled with large quantities of proteinaceous fluid and desquamated alveolar epithelial cells
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hyaline membrane disease
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what is the function of surfactant?
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surfactant is secreted into the alveoli to decrease the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, allowing the alveoli to open easily during inspiration
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which cells secrete surfactant and when does this occur?
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type II alveolar epithelial cells secrete surfactant during the last 1-3 months of gestation
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what shunt allows blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and enter the IVC?
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ductus venosus
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what opening allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium?
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foramen ovale
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what does the blood from the SVC pass through and what part of the heart does it enter?
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through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
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what carries blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta?
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ductus arteriosus
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what is the function of the umbilical arteries?
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the umbilical arteries take deoxygenated blood from the descending aorta to the placenta to be oxygenated
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how does the loss of blood flow through the placenta at birth affect systemic vascular resistance, aortic pressure and pressures in the left ventricle and left atrium?
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loss of blood flow through the placenta doubles the systemic vascular resistance, which increases the aortic pressure as well as the pressures in the left ventricle and left atrium
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how does expansion of the lungs affect pulmonary vascular resistance?
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expansion of the lungs decreases pulmonary vascular resistance greatly, which reduces pressure in the pulmonary artery, right ventricle and right atrium
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what causes the ductus arteriosus to close?
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the muscle wall of the ductus arteriosus constricts markedly within 1-8 days
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what causes the muscle wall to constrict?
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increased oxygenation of the blood flowing through the ductus
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what causes PDA and how can you treat it?
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dilation of the ductus caused by prostaglandins; indomethacin blocks synthesis of prostaglandins and often leads to closure
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what causes blood to flow through the liver?
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within 1-3 hours after birth, the muscle wall of the ductus venosus contracts strongly and closes, which increases the portal venous pressure
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what causes the RBCs to drop and then increase after 6-8 weeks?
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lack of fetal hypoxia causes the decrease in RBCs and increased activity of the neonate increases RBC production
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why does bilirubin increase during the first 3 days of life?
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the liver functions poorly during the 1st week of life and is incapable of conjugating significant quantities of bilirubin with gucoronic acid for excretion into the bile
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what is the most important abnormal cause of serious neonatal jaundice?
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erythoblastosis fetalis - infant receives Rh+ from father, while mother is Rh-, mother develops antibodies that destroy the fetal RBCs
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when is functional development of the kidneys complete?
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end of the 1st month of life
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why can an infant develop acidosis and dehydration?
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rate of metabolism is twice that of the adult (twice as much acid is formed) and the kidneys are immature until the end of the 1st month
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what occurs during the first few days of life b/c of the poorly functioning liver?
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increased bilirubin (jaundice), hypoproteinemic edema (liver of the neonate is deficient in forming plasma proteins), glucose drops (lack of gluconeogenesis), low coagulation factors
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what can the neonate do better than the adult in terms of nutrition?
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the neonate is especially capable of synthesizing and storing proteins
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how long will it take an infant to develop severe anemia if the mother had insufficient iron in her diet?
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after 3 months
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how long can the infant used stored iron to form blood cells if the mother had an adequate diet?
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4-6 months
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how long do the antibodies inherited from the mother protect the infant?
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6 months
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what will the low functional residual capacity in the premature infant cause?
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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what kind of diet should an infant more than 2 months premature be on?
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low-fat
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retrolental fibroplasia
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treatment of a premature infant with excess oxygen stops the growth of new BVs in the retina, then when O2 therapy is stopped, the BVs burst forth with a great mass of vessels, which are eventually replaced with a fibrous tissue
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