Phys 59

Front 1

REM sleep occurs when

Back 1

5-30 minutes on average every 90 minutes; duration increases as person become more rested

Front 2

where does inhibition required for sleep come from

Back 2

below level of midpons of brain stem

Front 3

stimulation of what areas of the brain can produce sleep with characteristics of natural sleep

Back 3

1) raphe nuclei in lower half of pons and in medulla 2) nucleus of tractus soltarius 3) regions in diencephalon-rostral part of hypothalamus, suprachiasmal area and diffuse nuclei of thalamus

Front 4

raphe nuclei in lower half of pons and in medulla and spinal cord

Back 4

terminating fibers in posterior horns inhibit incoming sensory signals including pain; many secrete serotonin

Front 5

nucleus of tractus soltarius and sleep

Back 5

visceral sensory signals via vagus and glossopharyngeal

Front 6

what lesions can result in extreme wakefulness

Back 6

raphe nuclei and bilateral lesions in medial rostral suprachiasmal area in anterior hypothalamus; excitatory nuclei of mesencephalon and upper pons seem to become released from inhibition

Front 7

muramyl peptide

Back 7

accumulates in CSF and urine in animals kept awake for several days; produces almost natural sleep when injected into 3rd ventricle within few minutes

Front 8

drugs that mimic what increase occurrence of REM sleep

Back 8

acetylcholine; large neurons in upper brain stem reticular formation activate many portions of the brain in REM

Front 9

nonsleep state (sleep centers not activated)

Back 9

mesencephalic and upper pontine reticular activating nuclei released from inhibition=excites cerebral cortex and PNS which send positive feedback signals

Front 10

alpha brain waves

Back 10

rhythmical waves that occur at 8-13 cycles/s and found in EEGs of almost all normal ppl when awake in a quiet, resting state; most intense in occipital region, but also occur in parietal and frontal regions; ~50 mV; dissapear during sleep

Front 11

beta brain waves

Back 11

asynchronous, higher-frequency (>14 cycles/s to 80), lower-voltage; attention directed to specific mental activity; mainly parietal and frontal regions

Front 12

theta brain waves

Back 12

4-7 cycles/s; parietal and temporal regions in children, also during emotional stress in some adults; occur in many brain disorders/degeneration

Front 13

delta brain waves

Back 13

<3.5 cycles/s; often have voltages 2-4 times other waves; occur in very deep sleep, in infancym and in serious organic brain disease; can occur strictly in cortex independent of other regions of brain (seen in subcortical transections)

Front 14

alpha waves originate from

Back 14

reticular nuclei surrounding thalamus or diffuse nuclei deep inside thalamus; spontaneous feedback oscillation

Front 15

delta waves origin

Back 15

independent of lower structures in brain

Front 16

first sleep stage

Back 16

very light sleep; voltage of EEG waves low, broken by 'sleep spindles' (bursts of alpha waves)

Front 17

stages 2, 3, 4, of sleep

Back 17

progressively slower until reaches 1-3 waves/s in stage 4 (delta waves)

Front 18

3 major types of epilepsy

Back 18

grand mal, petit mal, and focal

Front 19

grand mal

Back 19

extreme neuronal discharges in all areas of the brain; few secs to 3-4 minutes; postseizure depression; high voltage, high frequency

Front 20

factors that increase excitability of abnormal 'epiletogenic' circuitry

Back 20

1) strong emotional stimuli 2) alkalosis by overbreathing 3) drugs 4) fever 5) loud noises or flashing lights

Front 21

what stops grand mal attacks

Back 21

neuronal fatigue, active inhibition

Front 22

petit mal

Back 22

involves thalamocortical brain activating system; 3 to 30 s unconsciousness with twitch-like contractions usually in head region; followed by return of consciousness and resumption of previous activities; appear late childhood and dissappear by 30 usually

Front 23

petit mal EEG

Back 23

spike and dome pattern over most or all of cerebral cortex

Front 24

what causes petit mal

Back 24

1) inhibitory thalamic reticular neurons (inhibitory GABA neurons) 2) excitatory thalamocortical and corticothalamic neurons

Front 25

causes of focal epilepsy

Back 25

1) scar tissue 2) tumor 3) destroyed area of tissue 4) congenitally deranged local circuitry

Front 26

what can psychomotor seizures cause

Back 26

1) short peroid of amnesia 2) attack of abnormal rage 3) sudden anxiety, discomfort, or fear 4) moment of incoherent speech/mumbling of some trite phrase

Front 27

what parts of the brain are generally involved with psychomotor seizures

Back 27

limbic portion=hippocampus, amygdala, septum, portions of temporal cortex

Front 28

EEG of psychogenic seizure

Back 28

low frequency rectangular wave; 2-4/s with occational superimposed 14/s waves

Front 29

parkinson's cause

Back 29

loss of neurons in substantia nigra whose nerve endings secrete dopamine in caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 30

huntington's cause

Back 30

loss of GABA-secreting neurons and acetylcholine-secreting neurons associated with specific abnormal motor paterns plus dementia

Front 31

norepinephrine-secreting neurons are especially numerous where

Back 31

locus ceruleus-send fibers to most brain limbic system, thalamus, and cerebral cortex

Front 32

serotonin-secreting neurons are especially numerous where

Back 32

midline raphe nuclei of lower pons and medulla=send fibers to many areas of limbic system and other areas

Front 33

tricyclic antidepressant MOA

Back 33

block reuptake of norepi and serotonin by nerve endings

Front 34

schizophrenia may be caused by excess dopamine where

Back 34

secreted by neurons in ventral tegmentum of mesencephalon, medial and superior to substantia nigra; give rise to mesolimbic dopaminergic system

Front 35

clinical features of alzheimers

Back 35

1) amnesic type memory impairment 2) deterioration of language 3) visuospatial deficits