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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lysozyme
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mucolytic polysaccharide that attacks bacteria and causes them to dissolute
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basic polypeptides
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react with and inactivate certain types of gram-pos bacteria
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antigens word derivation
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antibody generations
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epitopes
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recurring molecular groups
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plasmablasts
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cytoplasm expands and rough ER vastly proliferates; divide once every 10 hours for ~9 divisions (4days=500 cells/original plasmablast)
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mature plasma cell antibody production rate
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2000 molecules/s
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bonds btwn antibody-antigen
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1) hydrophobic 2) hydrogen 3) ionic attractions 4) van der Waals
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Ka or affinity constant for antibody-antigen bonding
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concentration antibody-antigen/(concentration antibody times concentration antigen)
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5 general classes of antibodies
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IgM, G, A, D, and E
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IgG
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bivalent; 75% antibodies of normal person
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2 ways antibodies can act
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direct attack on invader and activation of complement
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how can antibodies inactivate invading agent
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1) agglutination 2) precipitation 3) neutralization 4) lysis
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classic complement pathway
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initiated by antibody-antigen rxn; exposed bound antibody binds and activates C1
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C1 enzyme fxn
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activate successively increasing quantities of enzymes in the later steps of the system=amplified rxn
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Opsonization and phagocytosis of complement
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C3b strongly activates phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
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lysis via complement
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lytic complex composed of C5b6789=rupture cell membranes of bacteria or other invading organisms
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agglutination via complement
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change surfaces of invading organisms causing them to adhere to one another
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neutralization of viruses via complement
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attack structures of some viruses and render them nonvirulent
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chemotaxis via complement
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fragment C5a initiates chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages
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activation of mast cells and basophils via complement
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Fragements C3A, C4a, and C5a activate and cause release of histamine, heparin, and several other substances into local fluids=increase local blood flow, leakage of fluid and plasma protein into tissue
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inflammatory effects of complement
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increase blood flow further, capillary protein leakage, interstitial proteins coagulate in tissue spaces-all in addition to what basophils and macrophages cause
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3 major types of antigen presenting cells
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macrophaages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
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MHC I proteins present antigens to
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CTL
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MHC II proteins present antigens to
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helper T cells
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helper T cells
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75% T cells; form series of protein mediators called lymphokines that act on other cells of immune system and bone marrow cells (IL-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, GMCDF-gamma)
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IL-2
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stimulatory effect on growth and proliferation of both CTL and suppressor T cells
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interleukins that especially participate in B-cell response
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IL-4, 5, and 6
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CLT fxns
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after binding, secretes hole-forming proteins (perforins) that punch round holes in the membrane of the attacked cell, also releases cytotoxic substances directly into attacked cell
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myasthenia gravis
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immunity dvlps against acetylcholine receptor proteins of NM jxn causing paralysis
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delayed rxn allergy is caused by
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activated T cells; eg poison ivy
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slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
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mixture of toxic leukotrienes; can cause spasm of smooth muscle of bronchioles
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