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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are WBCs made
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bone marrow and lymph tissue
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what WBCs are produced in the bone marrow
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granulocytes, monocytes, a few lymphocytes
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what WBCs are produced in the lymph tissue
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lymphocytes and plasma cells
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6 types of WBCs normally present in the blood
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polymorphonuclear neutrophils, polymorphonuclear eosinophils, polymorphonuclear basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and occasionally plasma cells
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how do granulocytes and monocytes protect the body against invading organisms
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phagocytosis
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concentration of WBCs in adult human
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7000 WBCs per microliter in blood
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normal adult percent of polymorphonuclear neutrophils
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62%
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normal adult percent of polymorphonuclear eosinophils
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2.3%
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normal adult percent of polymorphonuclear basophils
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0.4%
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normal adult percent of monocytes
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5.3%
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normal adult percent of lymphocytes
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30%
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number of platelet fragments per microliter blood
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300000 per ul
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two major lineages of WBCs
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myelocytic and lymphocytic lineages
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What is the supply of WBCs in marrow
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three times as many in circulation; 6 day supply
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life of granulocytes after being released from marrow
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4-8 hours circulating in blood and 4-5 days in tissues
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what is lifespan in times of serious infection
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few hours
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monocyte transit and lifespan
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10-20 hours in blood; months in target tissues
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lymphocyte circulation and lifespan
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blood, through lymph, repeat; weeks or months depending on need
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what is the platelet turnover
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replaced about once every 10 days
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what attacks and destroys invading bacteria, viruses, and other injurous agents
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mainly neutrophils and tissue macrophages
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how large to macrophages swell when in target tissue
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as much as 5 times; 60-80 um
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how do WBCs move through tissue spaces
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ameboid motion; as great as 40 um/min
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What composes variuos chemotaxis chemicals
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1) bacterial or viral toxins 2) degenerative products of inflammed tissues 3) reaction products of complement complex 4) rxn products caused by plasma clotting
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at what distance is chemotaxis effective
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up to 100 um away from inflammed tissue
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how far away is tissue from capillaries
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no more than 50 um
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3 selective procedures for phagocytosis
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1) rough surface 2) protective protein coats 3) antibodies
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opsonization
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selection and phagocytosis process; caused when antibody attaches to forgein particle AND C3 of complement cascade
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how many bacteria can a neutrophil ingest before becoming inactivating and dieing
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3 to 20
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how many bacteria can monocytes ingest once they become mature macrophages
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up to 200 bacteria; can also engulf larger particles (RBCs, malarial parasites)
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what happens to macrophages once ingesting
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can extrude residual products and survive and fxn for many more months
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what do lysosomes of neutrophils and macrophages contain
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proteolytic enzymes
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What other substance do macrophage lysosomes contain
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lipases
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what kills bacteria once ingested by phagocytosis
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oxidizing agents
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what do oxidizing agents consist of
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superoxide (O2-), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl ions
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what does myeloperoxidase produce
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uses H2O2 and Cl- to form hypochlorite (bactericidal)
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Why is TB a chronic disease
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bacteria responsible have resistant coats to lysosomal digestion and they secrete substances resistant to killing effects
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reticuloendothelial system
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monocytes, mobile macrophages, few specialized endothelial cells in bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, fixed tissue macrophages
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where do all/most of reticuloendothelial cells originate
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monocytic stem cells of monocyte-macrophage system
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Histocytes
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tissue macrophages in the skin and subcutaneous tissues
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what occurs to particulate matter that enters the tissues (like bacteria)
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virtually none can be absorbed directly through capillary membranes, so they enter the lymph
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what are attached to the meshwork of sinuses in which forgein particles are trapped in the lymph nodes
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tissue macrophages
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common cases of giant cell capsule formation
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TB, silica dust, carbon particles
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Important fxn of Kupffer cells
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remove bacteria from ingested food
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what occurs if organism enters general circulation
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defense of marcrophages in spleen and bone marrow
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what characterizes inflammation
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1) vasodilation of local blood vessels 2) increased capillary permeability 3) clotting of fluid in interstitial spaces 4) migration of large amount of granulocytes and monocytes 5) swelling of tissue cells
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tissue products that cause inflammation
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histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, products of complement system, products of blood clotting, lymphokines
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what are lymphokines released from
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sensitized T cells
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Why does staphlococci cause immediate inflammation and walling off
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release extremely lethal cellular toxins; walling-off occurs more rapidly than they can multiple and spread
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Why does strptococci have a tendancy to spread and cause more damage
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do not cause intense local reaction and multiply/spread before walling off process can contain
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first line of defense against infection the first hour or so
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tissue macrophages that have mobilized
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second line of defense in infection
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neutrophil invasion
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neutrophilia cause
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products of inflammation that enter blood stream, mobilize stored neutrophils in bone marrow; increases neutrophil levels 4-5 fold
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3rd line of defense against infection
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second macrophage invasion; requires several days to become effective; important role in intiating dvlp of antibodies
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fourth line of defense against infection
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increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by bone marrow
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how long can bone marrow continue producing elevated levels of granulocytes and monocytes
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months or years at a rate 20-50 times normal
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5 factors that play dominant role in macrophage response to inflammation
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1) TNF 2) IL-1 3) granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 4) G-CSF 5) M-CSF
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where are the 5 major factors produced
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activated macrophages in inflammed tissues and small amount in other inflammed cells
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eosinophil action
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attah to parasites via special surface molecules and release substances that kill many parasites
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what is the highly larvacidal cmpd released by eosinophils
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major basic protein
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what is trichinella caused from
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ingestion from undercooked pork
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most common parasite
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schistosomiasis
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why are eosinophils found in areas of allergic rxn
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mast and basophils release eosinophil chemotaxic factor; eosinophils detoxify some of the inflammation-inducing substances
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what are basophils in circulating blood similar to
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large tissue mast cells located immediately outside many capillaries in the body
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what do mast and basophils liberate into the blood
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heparin; also release histamine, small amounts of bradykinin and serotonin
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what occurs within 2 days of bone marrow failing to produce WBCs
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ulcers in mouth and colon, respiratory infection; death in ~1 week if not treated
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what can cause leukopenia/aplasia of bone marrow
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x-rays, gamma rays, exposure to drugs and chemicals that contain benzene or anthracene nuclei
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common drugs that can cause leukopenia
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chloramphenicol (antobiotic), thiouracil (treats thyrotoxicosis), barbituate hypnotics
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after exposure causing aplasia, how long until homiostasis returned
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weeks to months for blood cell concentrations to return to normal
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what can leukemia be caused by
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uncontrolled production of WBCs via myelogenous or lymphoenous origin
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where do lymphocytic leukemias generally begin
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lymph node or other lymph tissue
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where do myelogenous leukemias begin
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bone marrow, then spread to other lymph tissues
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what determine how acute a leukemia is
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the differentiation of the cancerous cells, less differentiated=more acute
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what symptoms does leukemia in bone marrow have
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invade surrounding bone causing pain and tendacy for bones to fracture easily
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where do leukemias spread irregardless of origin
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spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and other vascular areas
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Other symptoms of leukemia
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infectio, severe anemia, bleeding tendency, excessive use of metabolic substances (fatigue)
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