Phys 25

Front 1

amount of water added via ingestion and synthesis

Back 1

2100 ml/day in food/liquids and 200 ml/day from oxidation of carbs

Front 2

water loos per day via repiratory tract and skin

Back 2

700 ml/day; called insensible water loss

Front 3

water loss in extensive burns

Back 3

10 fold increase

Front 4

vapor P of air in lungs

Back 4

47 mmHg-less than air inspired, hence water loss

Front 5

normal sweat volume per day

Back 5

100 ml

Front 6

normal feces water loss per day

Back 6

100 ml

Front 7

urine volme variability in a day

Back 7

0.5 L to 20 L

Front 8

extracellular fluid compartents and approx. V

Back 8

interstitial fluid (11 L), plasma (3L); overall 20% body weight

Front 9

intracellular fluid approx V

Back 9

28 of 42 L in body (67%)

Front 10

transcellular fluid approx V

Back 10

1-2 L

Front 11

average blood V of 70 kg adult

Back 11

5 L

Front 12

men hematocrit and women hematocrit

Back 12

.4 and .36

Front 13

range of hemotocrit with pathology

Back 13

0.1 anemia, 0.65 polycythemia

Front 14

most important difference btwn plasma and interstitial fluid

Back 14

plasma high protein concentration

Front 15

Donnan effect

Back 15

concentration of Pos ions is slightly greater in plasma than interstitial fluid (2%); proteins have net neg and bind cations

Front 16

method of determining V of fluid in body compartment

Back 16

indicator substance

Front 17

indicators used for total body water

Back 17

tritium aka heavy water (few hours), antipyrine

Front 18

indicators for extracellular fluid volume

Back 18

radioactive sodium, radioactive chloride, radioactive iothalamate, thiosulfate, inulin (30-60 mins)

Front 19

indicators for plasma volume

Back 19

serum albumin radioactively labeled with iodine, dyes that bind plasma proteins (Evans blue dye)

Front 20

blood volume calculation

Back 20

plasma volume/(1-hematocrit); or use radioactive labeled RBCs

Front 21

what occurs if sodium is removed from extracellular fluid

Back 21

water diffused into cell membranes into cells to balance out osmolarity

Front 22

difference betweein osmolarity and osmolality in cells

Back 22

very little difference and can be used almost synonymously

Front 23

precise amount of P required to prevent osmosis

Back 23

osmotic P

Front 24

what is osmotic P used for

Back 24

indirect measurement of water and solute concentration of a solution

Front 25

calculation for osmotic pressure

Back 25

CRT; C is concentration, R is ideal gas constant, T is absolute Temp in Kelvin

Front 26

how much osmotic P is generated per miliosmole of concentration

Back 26

19.3 mmHg

Front 27

what percent of osmolarity in interstitial fluid and plasma is due to Na+ and Cl-

Back 27

~80%

Front 28

what percent of osmolarity in cells is due to K+

Back 28

half

Front 29

isotonic solutions gien clinically

Back 29

0.9 percent NaCl solution, 5 percet glucose solution

Front 30

how long does it take for equilibrium to be reached once drinking water

Back 30

~30 minutes for osmotic equilibrium

Front 31

primary measure for evaluating fluid status

Back 31

plasma sodium concentration

Front 32

hyponatremia

Back 32

sodium below normal

Front 33

what causes hyponatremia

Back 33

diatthea, vomitingm overuse of diuretics, sodium-wasting diseases (addison), excess water retention (excess ADH)

Front 34

what causes hypernatremia

Back 34

lack of ADH (diabetes insipidus), dehydration, excess aldosterone (overhydration)

Front 35

two conditions known for causing intracellular swelling

Back 35

1) depression of metabolic systems 2) lack of adequate nutrition

Front 36

2 general types of extracellular edema

Back 36

1)abnormal leakage of fluid from plasma to interstitial spaces across capillaries 2) failure of lymphatics to return fluid

Front 37

Mathematical expression for capillary filtration

Back 37

Kf(Pc-Pif-πc+πif); Kf is capillary filtration coefficient (permeability times SA), Pc is cap. Hydrostatic P, Pif is interstitial fluid hydrostatic P, πc is cap. Colloid osmotic P, and πif is colloid interstitial fluid osmotic P

Front 38

What occurs with infection of filaria nematodes

Back 38

lymph flow becomes impeded

Front 39

what causes increased capillary P via kidney retention of salt and water

Back 39

acute/chronic kidney failure, mineralcorticoid excess

Front 40

what causes increased capillary P via high venous P and venous constriction

Back 40

Heart failure, venous obstruction, failure of venous pumps (paralysis of muscle, immobilization, value malfunctions)

Front 41

what causes increased capillary P via decreased arteriorlar resistance

Back 41

excess body heat, insufficiency of sympathetic NS, vasodilator drugs

Front 42

What causes decreased plasma proteins

Back 42

lodd in urine, loss in denuded skin (burns, wounds), failure to produce (liver disease, malnutrition)

Front 43

What causes increased capillary permeability

Back 43

immune rxns, toxins, bacterial infections, vit deficiency (especially C), prolonged ishchemia, burns

Front 44

What causes blockage of lymph return

Back 44

cancer, infections, surgery, congenital absence or abormaloty of lymph vessels

Front 45

Cause of edema in Heart failure

Back 45

raised venous P due to cardiac insufficiency=arterial P falls, decreased salt secretion by kidneys, increased blood volume, increased renin and aldosterone

Front 46

safety factors peventing edema

Back 46

1) low compliance of interstitium-3mmHg 2) ability of lymph to increase flow 10-50 fold-7mmHg 3) washdown of interstitial fluid protein concentration-7mmHg

Front 47

when does nonpitting edema occur

Back 47

tissue cells swell or fluid in interstitium clotted with fibrin

Front 48

what occurs to proteins when lymph flow increased

Back 48

they get 'washed' away with lymph

Front 49

What is edema in potential spaces called

Back 49

effusion