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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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external respiration
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exchange of O2 and CO2 between atm and mitochondria
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internal respiration
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mitochondria to O2 of the last electronic aceptor
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ventilation
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how has gets to the aveoli
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difussion
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how gas gets across the blood gas barrier
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blood flow
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how the pulmonary circulation removes gas from the lungs
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perfusion ventilation relationship
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matching of gas and blood determines gas exchange
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how does gas get to the peripheral
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via blood
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control of ventilation
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how gas exchanges is regulated
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way air travels
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nasal cavity to larynx. trachea. Broncos. bronchioles. alveolar ducts. alveolar sacs
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amount of generations of the respitory system
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23
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first ten generations of the respitory system
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bronchi with cartalage
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area of the conducting airway
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bronchi and bronchioles
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what the conducting space is called
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anatomic dead space
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anatomic dead space
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has no aveoli
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avioli budding
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when avioli start to form
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where most gas exchange occurs
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at the alveolar Adonis
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aveoli
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single ball
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alveolar sac
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a group of aveoli
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parts of alveoli
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avroli pores and capillary network
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types of cells for alveoli
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type 1 and 2
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type one avolar cells
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thin endothrilal cells for gas exchange
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type two alveolar cells
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produce lipoprotein called serfactin
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right to left shunt
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used to feed anotomical dead space and the deoxygenated blood drains into pulmonary vein
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what the right to left shunt caueses
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slight reduction of oxygen to the left side of the heart
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non respiratory function of the lungs
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processing of inhaled air and functions as a left ventricular reservoir
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processing of inhaled air
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warming. moisturizing and filtering. blood filter. biochemical reactions
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why air needs to be warmed
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to aid in solubility of gas
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why air Is moisturized
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to prevent avioli cracking
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how much blood is the lungs a reservoir for the left ventricle
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500ml
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how breathing can effect blood flow
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deeper breath pushes more blood to the left ventrical so more so blood volume moves through the heart
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how the lungs function of blood filter
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emboli get caught in lungs so less damage and can be delt with here
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biochemical reactions of the lungs
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has an enzyme converting
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what exhaling Is
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just the passive contraction of diaphragm and chest wall
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relative pressure inside the plural membrane at end of expiration
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-5 cm H2O
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why the plural pressure is negative
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to stop the lungs from collapsing
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air flow equastion
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V=P/R
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how to get pressure of air flow
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alveolar - atm
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boyles law
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P=1/V
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way active way of inspiration
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with the diaphragm contracts down and chest wall expands
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transpulmonary pressure
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aveioli pressure minnux outside pressure
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spirometry
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device used to measure lung volume
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how a spirometry works
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get subject to breath onto a bucket of water with an upside down bucket to catch the air that will measure volumnes
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tidal volume
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volume of normal breathing apex 500ml
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rididual volume
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volume of air that is always in the lungs
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tlc total lung volume
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total amount of air in the lungs
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vital capasity
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total amount of air that can be moved out of the lungs from full inhaile
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functional residual residual capasity
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amount of air left in the lungs after a normal exhaile
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how the thrasic volume allows for an inhaile
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as the volume goes up pressure goes down so lungs vol goes up and aviloi pressure goes down
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how lung vol increase can cause an increase in pressure
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it allows more air in
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minute ventalation
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amount of air moved per min
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alveolar ventilation
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amount of air moved onto the alveolar
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tachypnea
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rapid breathing
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hyperventilation
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increased rate or depth of respiration to abdominal causing decreased lvl of. blood co2
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hyperpnea
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increase in breath rate or depth that is not normal
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lung compliance
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regidity of something
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dynamic lung compliance formula
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C=ΔV/ΔP
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static lung compliance
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C=V/P
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P for lung compliance
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Trans pulmary pressure
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pnumothrax
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hole in the pulmonary membrane
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what pneumothorax causes
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lungs collapse because transpumaey pressure is same as ravioli pressure
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way lung volume and pressure is for inflation and deflation
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different
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why inflation and deflation are different for pressure
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due to deflation curve has more compliance
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curves calls of static pressure diagram
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hysteresis
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pressure needed for inflating water in lungs
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a third of the pressure and not very hysteresis
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what causes surface tention
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no intermolecular force pulling molecule up so net down force on surface
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what surfactant does for surface tention is
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adds hydrophobic parts to surface which have upward force allowing for lower surface tention
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what suefactin causes
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makes the deflation curve be more compliant
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what the first breath triggers
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mild hypoxia. hypercapnia. tactile stimuli. cold skin
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complience emphysema lungs
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less then normal
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compliance of fibrosis lungs
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less then normal
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when pressure Is zero for breathing
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at start and stop of inspiration and expiration
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what causes a high pressure difference for breathing
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increased resistance
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what determined airway resistancd
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lung volume. bronchial tone. and turbulent flow of air
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how volume relates to resistance
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more long volume less resistance
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mechanical tethering
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the expanding avioli pull the airways
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what mechanical tethering causes
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lower resistance
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what makes up broncials
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blood vessels smooth muscle. nerve fibers
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what the vagus nerve does for bronchial
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constriction
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what sympathetic fibers cause for broncials
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stimulation
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Fick law
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air flow is area over thickness times d times p
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what d is
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solubility over root mw
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emphysema and area for gas exchange
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less
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edema and diffusion barrier
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increased thickness
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percentage of gasrs
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N 79. O 21. water 0.5
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why it's hard to breath at altitude
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low partial pressure but same %
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daltons law
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Sum the pressure to get p total
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alveolar pressure gas percent
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N and O go down. co2 and water go up
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oxygen content in avrolai
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100 mm Hg
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mean capillary O2 pressure
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40
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pressure of CO2 in lungs
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40
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pressure of CO2 in capillarys and after
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46
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why pressure difference is less for carbon dioxide
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it is more soluble
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limitation to gas exchange in respitory system
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eq does not occur in pulmonary capillary blood and aviolar gas
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two types of gas exchange limitation
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perfusion limitation. diffusion limitation
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amount of HB that has oxygen when returning to lungs
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75%
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when normal diffusion capacity will saturate with O2
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a third the way along the capillary
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diffusion limitation
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is when the diffusion changes causes not full blood oxygenation
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perfusion limitation
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when change in blood flow causes not full blood oxygenation
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main way of CO2 moves
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focuses in blood
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CO2 curves
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decreases
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location of most airflow in lungs
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at the base ( bottom )
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why is there more airflow at the base of the lungs
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gravity
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why the ratio of ventilation over blood flow drasticly increases at too of lungs compared to blood flow
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more of the denimiyrr decrease so number bigger
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normal ventilation unit
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good air flow good blood flow
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dead space unit is
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yes air flow no blood flow
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shunt unit
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blood flow but no gas so no gas exchange
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silent unit
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no flow of anything
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ventalation perfusion inequality
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gas transfer can become inefficient. due to them being miss matched in different location
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how most oxygen is moved around the body
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by binding to HB (98%)
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when dissolved oxygen becomes important
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when barametric treatment occurs. can increase dissolved to aid
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temperature effect on HB saturation
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lower temp more bound
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how hypothermia is used in treatment
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decreases cells need for oxygen
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things that occur with increased body tem
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poor saturation of HB but more is being off loaded to cells
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pH effect on HB saturation
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lower pH lower saturation
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CO2 concentration and pH
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more CO2 lower pH
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how most CO2 is in the blood
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as bicarbonaite
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enzyme that pulls CO2 to carbonic acid
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carbonic anhydrase
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Haldane effect
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water gets split and the H displaces the O2 on the HB so the O can focuses to blood and into tissue
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where most CO2 goes from tissues once in blood
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into rbc to make carbonic acid with oH
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transporter for hco3 out of rbc
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cl hco3 antiporter (hamburger shift
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normal PH of blood
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7.4
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acidosis
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blood below 7.4
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alkalosis
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blood above 7.4
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blood pH that kills
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6.8 or 8
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how the body controls pH
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with avrolar ventilation removing CO2(increasr pH) or adding CO2 ( decrease pH
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what pulmonary receptors do for brqthing
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send message to spin that cause activation of respitory muscle system
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central pattern generator (CPG)
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part of brain stem that regulates the breathing pattern
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what drives the CPG
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peripheral and central chrmoreceptors (PCR and CCR)
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what causes respitory acid base disorders
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change in pressure of co2
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what causes metabolic acid base disorders |
other acids or base other then CO2 |
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two types of PCR
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carotid and aortic bodies
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what PCR do
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lower p CO2
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where PCR are located
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in the carotid and aorta arteries
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type of cell for PCR
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glomus cell
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what glomus cells do
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recognises increased pH and cause an increase in breathing rate
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central chrmoreceptors location
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brain stem
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what CCR detect
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change in spinal fluid pH which comes from blood co2
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what does metabolic acid base effect pH of more
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arterial pH
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what respitory acid base change effects more
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effect CSF and blood the same
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ventilation effect of CSF pH
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less ventalation higher pH
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effect of inspired CO2 on ventalation
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more co2 more ventilation
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speed of CCR
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slow but mainly to respitory
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what CCR is sensative to
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high lvls of CO2
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what PCR is sensative to
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low O2
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speed of PCR
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fast
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what drives most breathing
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the pH of blood
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