Phylum Porifera: Sponges

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Porifera means____________

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"Pore-bearing"

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General Characteristics of Phylum Porifera

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1. Marine

2. Sessile (don't move)

3. Filter Feeders

4. No organs (cell aggregate)

5. Distasteful and chemical warfare (release cmpds)

6. Few mm to 2m in size

7. Many commensals (relationship where one benefits and other unaffected)

8. Color comes from plankton

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Phylum Porifera types of cells

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1. Pinacocytes

2. Porocytes

3. Choanocytes

4. Archaeocytes

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Mesohyl

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connective "tissue" of sponges; gelatinous; where cells are. includes skeletal components like spicules and spongin plus other sponge cells

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Pinacocytes

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Line outside of Mesohyl;"skin cells"; contain moderately sized pores; They're called "myocytes" if they're contractile; myocytes wrap porocytes;

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Porocytes

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tubular cells that make up the pores of porifera

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Choanocytes

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uses flagella to move water thru sponge; their collar traps food and phagocytises it; contain collar microvilli and microfibrils

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Archaeocytes

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Totipotent: can differentiate into any sponge cell type; can differentiate into cells that make spongin and spicules; they're trapped by choanocytes; Store, digest, and transport food

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Porifera Skeletal Elements

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1. Collagen (Spongin) is the major structural protein in animals; Soft

2. Calcium carbonate or Siliceous Spicules (hard)

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Porifera Physiology

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Water enters sponge body through pores in body wall, then moves through canals where food gets filtered from the water by choanocytes; Flagellum of choanocytes drives movement of water in the sponge; Filtered water exits the sponge thru an opening called the osculum; Sponge shoots water up (osculum exit velocity) which prevents refiltering; intracellular digestion; respiration and excretion via diffusion

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Porifera types of body plans

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Body plans determined by location of choanocytes;

1.Asconoid

2. Syconoid

3. Leuconoid

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Porifera asexual reproduction

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Can form external buds; can form internal buds-resistant structures called gemmules that can withstand adverse conditions such as drying or cold and later develop into new individuals. Gemmules are aggregates of sponge tissue and food, covered by a hard coating containing spicules or spongin fibers. Capsule is filled with archaeocytes; when conditions are good the archae are released to make a new sponge.

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Porifera Sexual reproduction

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Most sponges are monoecious: hermaphroditic; Sperm release and captured by choanocyte of another sponge, moved to oocyte (fertilization) and ciliated larvae (amphiblastula larvae ) released

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Porifera Regeneration

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Sponges can repair injuries; Can use somatic embryogenesis (if you dissociate cells, put them in piles, then each pile will form a sponge)

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Calcarea

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Sponges with spicules made of calcium carbonate which typically have 3 points; Skeletons lack spongin; include all 3 body plans (asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid); typically small sponges, less than 10 cm

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Demospongiae

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90% of all sponges; typically leuconoid; have sponge skeleton made of spongin protein and spicules made of mineral silica; Spicules have various shapes and typically do not have just 3 points

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Asconoid Sponges

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Sponge body plan with choanocytes in the spongocoel; small (Several cm in height) and tubular

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Spongocoel

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the large central cavity of sponges

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Osculum

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the opening of the spongocoel where filtered water exits

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Gemmule

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Produced asexually; they are how freshwater sponges survive harsh winter conditions; Contains a capsule made of spicules that surround multiple archaeocytes; In spring when conditions are favorable, the archaeocytes are released and make a new sponge

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Syconoid

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sponge body plan with choanocytes lining radial canals which all lead to the spongocoel; small in size (2-3cm); water enters radial canals through small openings and exits to spongocoel through openings called apopyles

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Leuconoid

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sponge body plan in which choanocytes line flagellated chambers; water enters and leaves flagellated chambers through incurrent and excurrent canals; excurrent canals are connected to the outside via one of multiple oscula; larger in size; skeletons made of spicules composed of silica, the protein spongin, or both.