Phylum Chordata, Chaetognatha, & Hemichordata

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Phylum Chaetognatha

Back 1

arrow worms

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Phylum Hemichordata

Back 2

acorn worms

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Phylum Chordata

Back 3

Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates

Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets (Amphioxus)

Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates

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Superclass Pisces

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Class Myxini - hagfish

Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys

Class Chondrichthyes - sharks, skates, rays

Class Actinopterygii – ray-finned bony fishes

Class Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned bony fishes

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Superclass Tetrapoda

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Class Amphibia- frogs, toads, salamanders

Class Reptilia - snakes, turtles, crocodilians

Class Aves - birds (dinosaurs)

Class Mammalia - placental (humans), marsupial (kangaroo), monotremes (egg layers - platypus)

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notochord

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a rodlike cord of cells that forms the chief axial supporting structure of the body of the lower chordates, as amphioxus and the cyclostomes, and of the embryos of the vertebrates.

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dorsal hollow nerve cord

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unique to all chordates, forms spinal cord and brain

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pharyngeal gill slits

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cuts in the pharynx that connect to a cavity surrounding the pharynx

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gills clefs

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structures located behind the mouth and in front of the esophagus

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three basic traits of chordates:

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Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord

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neoteny

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occurs when the juvenile form becomes capable of sexual reproduction and bypasses the adult stage altogether

Vertebrates may have arisen from tunicates through neoteny

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tetrodotoxin

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venom

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jaw

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Gill arches become ossified (bony)
Bony gill arches migrate forward
Arches form primitive biting jaw
Biting jaws were a tremendously important evolutionary innovation

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vertebrae

Back 14

backbones

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vertebral column

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consists of a linear series of vertebrae (backbones)

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vertebrata have endoskeleton

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of bone or cartilage

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Paired fins

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pectoral fins, pelvic fins; horizontal stabilizers, keep sharks on a steady keel - tail provides push

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preadaptation

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when evolution takes an existing structure and puts it to a new use (like paired fins)

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lateral line

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primitive sensory system in the skin

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denticles

Back 20

tooth-like. cover skin

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shagreen

Back 21

shark skin

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swim bladder

Back 22

gas bag that can be inflated or deflated at will, regulates buoyancy

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bone (bony skeleton)

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(lightweight, thin bones)

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cartilage

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bone without calcium

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scales

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protect skin from drying out

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Amniotic egg

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egg develops a protective membrane and shell - analogous to the seed

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feathers

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a preadaptation. evolved from reptilian scales for insulation

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endotherm

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warm-blooded

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milk

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birds and mammals, to nourish young, from memory glands

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nipples

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all mammals have them.

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Monotremes

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like the echidna and platypus, still lay eggs, like their reptilian ancestors

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Marsupials

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nourish young in an external pouch

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Placental mammals

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nourish fetus inside the body, attached by an umbilical cord to a placenta (navel)

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keratin

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makes up hair; same protein makes fingernails, toenails, claws, hooves, horns!

Front 35

hair

Back 35

unique mammalian invention