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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All protozoa of the Phylum Apicomplexa are ________. Examples are____________ & ____________ parasites.
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parasites
Toxoplasmosis & Malaria |
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What is unique about the protoza of the Apicomplexa Phylum?
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Sporozoites & Merozoites have an unusual organelle called the Apical Complex.
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Where is the Apical complex located and how is it detected?
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at the anterior end of sporozoites & merozoites and only deteced under eletron microscope.
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The Apical Complex consists of:
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1 or 2 polar rings
micronemes rhoptries subpellicular microtubules conoid |
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What is the function of the micropores.
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function for ingestion of the host cytoplasm & other food materials durning the intracellular life.
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Genius Toxoplasma & Plasmodium belong to what Phylum?
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Apicomplexa
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Briefly describe the reproduction cycle of Toxoplasma & Plasmodium.
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Asexual reproduce by means of multiple fission.
Sexual reproduce by means of syngamy. Oocyst are the end product of sexual reproduction. |
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Toxoplasma gondii cause what diease and what is the drug of choice for treatment?
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Toxoplasmosis
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) and Sulfadiazine. Taken together they act synergistically. |
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What causes Toxoplasmosis? Method of infection?
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Ingestion of zoitocysts containing bradyzoites. Ingestion of tachyzoites. Ingestion of Oocyst.
Undercooked meat(pork, lamb, beef) Unwashed vegs or other contamination from cat feces. |
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Sypmtoms of Acute Toxoplasmosis.
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Flu-like
Swollen lymph nodes fever headache & muscle pain |
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What causes Sub-Acute Toxoplasmosis.
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Occus as immunity develops slowly. signs & sypmtoms extended. Tachyzoites continue to damage cells and cause extensive lesions in the liver, lungs, heart, brain & eyes.
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sypmtoms of Chronic Toxoplasmosis.
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Severe damage to the brain, retina, heart & skeletal muscles may occur.
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Congenital Toxoplasmosis.
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Tachyzoites cross through the placenta & infect fetus. Asymptomatic, however can cause spontaneous abortion, still-birth or mental retardation.
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Prevention of Toxoplasmosis.
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do not eat undercooked meat.
get rid of stray cats. do not allow cats in house. make sure sandboxes have lids. freeze meat below -14 C for a few hours. |
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Toxoplasma gondii:
Definitive Host. Intermittent host. Vectors. |
DH: Members of Cat Family.
IH: Humans, other mammals and birds. V: Cockroaches and filth flies. |
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Bradyzoites are:
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tachyzoites that are in the brain, eyes, heart & skeletal muscles and multiple more slowly.
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What 4 species causes Malaria.
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Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium oval |
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3 of the species that cause malaria do not have reservior host. What species does and what is the reservior host.
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Plasmodoum malariae.
Chimpanzees. |
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What is the Definitive Host for Malaria species?
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Anopheles Mosquito
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What is the signet- ring stage?
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Merozoites enter RBC transforms into a trophozoite which ingest host cytoplasm and develops a large food vacuole.
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Plasmodium vivax is also referred to as what and why?
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Benign Tertian Malaria, Vivax malaria, or Tertian Ague. 48 hour fevers, gracious because only invades young RBC and vivax for signet-ring stage. Ague (fever that returns at intervals).
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Plasmodium falciparum is also referred to as what and why?
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Malignant tertian malaria, Sutertian Malaria, Estivoautumnal, falciparum Malaria. 40-48 hrs, harmful invades all RBC, occurs during summer and fall.
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Plasmodium malariae is also referred to as what and why?
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Quartan malariae. fevers occur every 72 hours. Merozoites infect aging RBC.
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Plasmodium ovale is referred to as what and why?
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mild tertian malaria or ovale malaria. Rarest. only invades young RBC.
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What is Blackwater fever?
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Acute massive lysis of RBC as autoimmune condition. Hemoglobin and hemozoin are present in blood & urine resulting in dark urine(blackwater). fever, jaundice and vomiting. death from renal failure. Inadequate drug treatment of falciparum malaria infection.
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Relaspes of Malaria occur why?
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P. vivax & P. ovale cause relapses when trophozoites & merozoites destroyed in the blood but not in the liver (hypnozoites). the cycle in the liver is delayed up to 8 years.
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Recrudescence of Malaria occurs why?
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P. malariae can remain alive in the blood up to 53 years and cause symptoms to reappear.
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Treatment for Malaria.
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Chlorquine is effective against all strains (even hypnozoites). Primaquine is used for P. vivax & P. ovale. Mefloquine (Lariam) is used for Chlorquine resist P. faclciparum.
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Name 2 drugs used as prophylactic for travelers to malarious regions.
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Mefloquine (Lariam) and Doxycycline.
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