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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fossil record |
-provides information about the history and relationships among organisms -provide minimum estimates the age of taxon |
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Taxonomy |
the ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences |
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Bionomial Nomenclature |
genus species |
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Systematics |
depict evolutionary relationships phylogenetic trees |
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Phylogenetic trees |
-branch points representes the divergence of 2 lineages -farther in branch points means more divergence from originial -sister groups and outgroups |
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analogous adaptations |
-aka homoplasies -production of similar adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages |
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cladogram |
depiction of shared ancestories among taxa -imply order of divergences, but no information about the amount of change or time |
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valid clade |
-monophyletic -consists of all the ancestral species and its descendants |
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paraphyletic group |
common ancestor but not all descendants |
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polyphyletic group |
all descendants but not all ancestors |
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shared derived character |
evolutionary novely unique to a particular clade |
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outgroups |
-species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that diverged prior to the most common ancestor of the species -comparison based on the assumption that homologies present in both the outgroup and ingroup must be primitive and are before the divergence |
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maximum parsimony |
-minimizes the number of character state changes/evolutionary events on tree |
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maximum likelihood |
-finds the tree that maximizes the likelihood of observing data -percentage differences between sequences |
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Phylograms |
reflect number of genetic changes that have taken place |
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Ultrametric Trees |
branches are a representative of time |
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Molecular clocks |
the rates of molecular change might be constant for different organisms |
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Neutral Theory |
much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness therefore no influence on evolution |
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Hypothesis testing using phylogenetic trees |
-relationships among organisms -order of character state change -character state associated with increased diversification -biogeography |
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similar fish, three possibilities |
1. Independent evolution 2. Long distance dispersal 3. Vicariance |
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Vicariance |
splitting be geographic barrier |
